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CCEA GCSE Biology Revision > CCEA Specification - GCSE Biology > Flashcards

CCEA Specification - GCSE Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how greater resolution of electron microscopes has increased our understanding of cell structures.

(9 marks)

A
  • TEM’s pass beams of electrons through a specimen to give us a clear image.
  • SEM’s scan over a specimen with a low energy electron beam stimulating emission of high-energy backscattered electrons + low-energy secondary electrons from the surface of the specimen.
  • EM’s resolution can show details that are 0.0001µm apart; compared to LM’s which shows details that are 0.2µm apart.
  • This feature of the EM allows us to see clearly inside the Cell/Cell’s organelles including chloroplasts/mitochondrion; A LM needs a magnification of roughly x1500 so that our eyes can see larger cell structures in low resolution.
  • EM’s also have a high magnification rate which along with the high resolution can provide us with an inside look into the function of a Cell.
  • It means we can generate a connection between different Cells/organelles in the body and better understand how the body is run.
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2
Q

List the parts of a Light Microscope.

5 marks

A
  • Eyepiece
  • Objective Lens
  • Stage
  • Focusing Knob
  • Light Source
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3
Q

Describe TEM’s

2 marks

A

Type of EM’s.

  • Pass beams of electrons through a specimen to give us a clear image.
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4
Q

Describe SEM’s.

4 marks

A

Type of EM’s.

Scan over a specimen with a low energy electron beam stimulating emission of;

  • high-energy backscattered electrons
  • and low-energy secondary electrons from the surface of the specimen.
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5
Q

Compare the resolution of Electron Miscroscopes and Light Microscopes.

(6 marks)

A
  • EM’s resolution can show details that are 0.0001µm apart;
    LM’s which shows details that are 0.2µm apart.
  • This feature of the EM allows us to see clearly inside the Cell/Cell’s organelles including chloroplasts/mitochondrion.
  • LM needs a magnification of roughly x1500 so that our eyes can see larger cell structures in low resolution.
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6
Q

Describe; Electron Microscopes vs Light Microscopes magnification Rate.

(6 marks)

A
  • EM’s have a high magnification rate which along with the high resolution can provide us with an inside look into the function of a Cell.
  • LM’s have a low magnification rate meaning we can see no further than large organelles in Cells at low resolution.
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7
Q

How can we convert Metres (m) into Millimetres (mm)?

1 mark

A

m to mm = x 1000.

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8
Q

How can we convert Millimetres (mm) to Metres (m)?

1 mark

A

mm to m = divide by 1000

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9
Q

How can we convert Millimetres (mm) to Micrometres (µm)

1 mark

A

mm to µm = x 1000

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11
Q

How can we convert Micrometres (μm) to Millimetres (mm)?

1 mark

A

mm to μm = divide by 1000

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12
Q

How can we convert Micrometres (μm) to Metres (m)?

1 mark

A

μm to m = divide by 10,000,00

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13
Q

How can we convert Metres (m) to Micrometres (μm)?

1 mark

A

m to μm = x 10,000,00

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14
Q

What are the Sl prefixes (to the power of 10) to convert numbers from Metres to other Sl units?

(8 marks)

A

Milli (mm)- x 10^-3
Micro (μm)- x 10^-6
Nano (nm)- x 10^-9
Pico (pm)- x 10^-12

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15
Q

Place Sl units in order from largest to smallest.

5 marks

A 
Metre (m)
Millimetre (mm)
Micro (μm)
Nano (nm)
Pico (pm)
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16
Q

How can we convert Metres (m) to Kilometres (km)?

1 mark

A

m to km = divide by 1000

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17
Q

How can we convert Centimetres (cm) to Millimetres (mm)?

1 mark

A

cm to mm = x 10

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18
Q

How can we convert Metres (m) to Centimetres (cm)?

1 mark

A

m to cm = x 100

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19
Q

How can we convert Kilometres (km) to Metres (m)?

1 mark

A

Km to m = x 1000

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20
Q

Place Sl base units in order from largest to smallest.

4 marks

A

Kilometres (km)
Metres (m)
Centimetres (cm)
Millimetres (m)

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21
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

2 marks

A

Magnification = size of image / size of real object.

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22
Q

How do we find the actual length of an object from a magnified image?

(2 marks)

A

Actual length = image size / magnification

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23
Q

How can we find the total magnification from a microscope?

2 marks

A

Total Magnification = Eyepiece Magnification x Objective Lens Magnification

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24
Q

How can we find the magnification size from an image?

2 marks

A

Magnification = Length of Image / Actual Length

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25
Q

How can we convert Millimetres (mm) to Centimetres (cm)?

1 mark

A

mm to cm = divide by 10

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27
Q

List the parts of an animal cell.

19 marks

A

Main Organelles: Nucleus, Chromosomes (containing Chromatin), Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Cell Membrane, Plasma Membrane.

Others: Nucleolus, Nuclear Membrane, Ribosomes, SEM, REM, Vacuole, Golgi apparatus, Golgi Vesicle, Cytoskeleton, Lysosomes, Secretory vesicles + Peroxisome

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28
Q

Give a brief description of the Nucleus and it’s role in the Cell.

(6 marks)

A

Contains the cell’s genetic information arranged in chromosomes.

Control centre of the cell - activities controlled include; growth, division, and protein synthesis.

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29
Q

Give a brief description of the Chromosomes and it’s role in the Cell.

(7 marks)

A

Threadlike structure found in the nucleus. Made of DNA which contains the genetic information of the cell - Chromatin holds this DNA (and protein) here.

To fit in the Nucleus DNA molecules are wound around histones to form chromosomes.

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30
Q

Give a brief description of the Cytoplasm (Cytosol) and it’s role in the Cell.

(3 marks)

A

Gelatinous liquid in the Cell in which organelles are suspended - composed of water, salts + various organic molecules.

Chemical reactions take place here.

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31
Q

Give a brief description of the Mitochondria and it’s role in the Cell.

(4 marks)

A
  • Large organelles that have both an inner/outer membrane, as well as their own mitochondrial DNA.
  • It is the site of Cellular Respiration in cells, where O2 + glucose are converted into ATP which cells use for energy.
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32
Q

Give a brief description of the Cell Membrane and it’s role in the Cell.

(7 marks)

A
  • Selectively permeable barrier, composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer, surrounding the cell.
  • Controls what substances enter + leave the Cell while holding the animal Cell together.
  • Embedded in the Membrane are macromolecules (e.g. glycoproteins) and Protein Channels.
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33
Q

Give a brief description of the Nuclear Membrane and it’s role in the Cell.

(4 marks)

A
  • Porous Membrane that allows RNA + proteins to pass in and out of the nucleus.
  • Eukaryotic cells contain a “true” nucleus, NM is the structure that defines the boundaries of the Nucleus.
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34
Q

Describe the structure of the Nucleus.

6 marks

A

Made up of Nuclear lamina, Nucleolus, Chromatin and Nuclear Envelope; (inner/outer membrane) perforated with Nuclear Pores.

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35
Q

Describe the structure of the X Chromosome.

8 marks

A

Two sex determining chromosomes (allosomes) found in both Male/Female organisms;

  • Contains 2 sister Chromatids, Centromere, Telomeres, DNA molecule, p (short)arm and q (long) arm.
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36
Q

Describe the structure of Cytoplasm.

4 marks

A

Jelly-like substance; contains water, salts, organic compounds and organelles found in the cell.

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37
Q

Describe the structure of the Plasma Membrane (Fluid Mosaic Model).

(20 marks)

A

Phospholipid Bilayer - Each phospholipid is amphipathic. Made of;

  • 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing inwards towards one another.
  • Phosphate-linked hydrophilic head faces outward allowing substances to easily pass (e.g. O2, CO2).
  • Glycerol.

Cholesterol, (another lipid) composed of;
- 4 fused carbon rings (alongside the phospholipids) in the core of the membrane.

Proteins;

  • May extend partway into the plasma membrane,
  • Cross the membrane entirely (protein channels)
  • or be loosely attached to its inside or outside face.

Carbohydrate groups;

  • only on the outer surface.
  • attached to proteins + lipids: forming glycoproteins/ glycolipids.

Cytoskeleton;
- Works closely with the membrane to maintain the Cells shape

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38
Q

Describe the Phospholipid Bilayer in the Plasma Membrane.

6 marks

A

Each phospholipid is amphipathic.
Made of;
- 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing inwards towards one another.
- Phosphate-linked hydrophilic head faces outward allowing substances to easily pass (e.g. O2, CO2).
- Glycerol.

39
Q

Describe the Cholesterol in the Plasma Membrane.

4 marks

A

(another lipid)

composed of;
- 4 fused carbon rings (alongside the phospholipids) in the core of the membrane.

40
Q

Describe the Proteins in the Plasma Membrane.

4 marks

A
  • May extend partway into the plasma membrane.
  • Cross the membrane entirely (protein channels).
  • or be loosely attached to its inside or outside face.
41
Q

Describe the Carbohydrate groups in the Plasma Membrane.

3 marks

A
  • Only on the outer surface.

- attached to proteins + lipids: forming glycoproteins/ glycolipids.

42
Q

Describe the Cytoskeleton and it’s relationship with the Plasma Membrane.

(1 mark)

A

Works closely with the membrane to maintain the Cells shape.

43
Q

Describe the structure of the Nuclear Membrane.

20 marks

A

A lipid bilayer.

Outer layer of lipids;

  • Has ribosomes
  • Connected to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Inner membrane contains;

  • Proteins that help organize the Nucleus and tether genetic material in place.
  • Nuclear Lamina (Fibres and proteins attached to the inner membrane)

Nuclear Pores;

  • Pass through both the outer/inner membranes.
  • Made up of large complexes of proteins + allow certain molecules to pass through.
  • Made up of about 30 different proteins that work together to transport materials. They connect the outer + inner membranes.
  • More formed, during Cell division, in the Membrane in preparation for cell division.
  • Membrane eventually breaks down + is reformed around the Nuclei of each of the 2 daughter cells.
44
Q

What is the meaning of a Lipid Bilayer?

1 marks

A

Consists of 2 layers of lipid molecules.

45
Q

Describe the Nuclear Lamina.

5 marks

A
  • Structurally supports the Nucleus.
  • Helps repair DNA, regulates Cell division + Replication of DNA.
  • Only found in animal cells, plant cells have similar proteins on the inner membrane.
46
Q

Demonstrate knowledge that plant cells can have additional structures not found in animal cells: cellulose cell wall, large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts;

A

A

47
Q

Describe the functions of Cellulose Cell Wall.

21 marks

A

Support: provides mechanical strength and support. It also controls the direction of cell growth.​ Maintains the shape and form of Cell.

Withstand turgor pressure: This pressure helps a plant to remain rigid and erect, or cause a cell to rupture. Also provides a framework for the cell to Prevent overexpansion.

Regulate growth: by sending signals for the cell to enter the cell cycle in order to divide and grow.

Regulate diffusion: It is porous allowing some substances (e.g. proteins) to pass into the cell while keeping other substances out.​

Communication: Cells communicate with one another via plasmodesmata.

Protection: provides a barrier to protect against plant viruses and other pathogens. It also helps to prevent water loss.​

Storage: It stores carbohydrates for use in plant growth, especially in seeds.

48
Q

How is the Cellulose Cell Wall adapted to support the cell?

3 marks

A
  • Provides mechanical strength and support.
  • It also controls the direction of cell growth.​
  • Maintains the shape and form of Cell.
49
Q

How is the Cellulose Cell Wall adapted to withstand turgor pressure?

(3 marks)

A
  • This pressure helps a plant to remain rigid and erect, or cause a cell to rupture.
  • The Cell Wall also provides a framework for the cell to Prevent overexpansion.
50
Q

How is the Cellulose Cell Wall adapted to Regulate growth?

2 marks

A

By sending signals for the cell to enter the cell cycle in order to divide and grow.

51
Q

How is the Cell adapted to Regulate Diffusion?

3 marks

A

It is porous, allowing some substances (e.g. proteins) to pass into the cell while keeping other substances out.​

52
Q

How is the Cellulose Cell Wall adapted for Communication?

1 mark

A

Cells communicate with one another via plasmodesmata.

53
Q

How is the Cellulose Cell Wall adapted for protection?

3 marks

A
  • Provides a barrier to protect against plant viruses and other pathogens.
  • it also helps to prevent water loss.​
54
Q

How is the Cellulose Cell Wall adapted for storage?

2 marks

A

It stores carbohydrates for use in plant growth, especially in seeds.

55
Q

How can we convert Centimetres (cm) to Metres (m)?

1 mark

A

cm to m = divide by 100

55
Q

In few words describe what is the Cellulose Cell Wall.

2 marks

A

A rigid structure outside the cell membrane that provides support.

55
Q

In few words describe what is the Large permanent vacuole.

3 marks

A

Contains cell sap and when full pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall, providing support.

56
Q

In few words describe what are the Chloroplasts.

2 marks

A

Contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps light for photosynthesis.

57
Q

In few words describe what is Chlorophyll.

1 mark

A

A green pigment that traps light for photosynthesis.

58
Q

In few words describe what is the Nucleus.

2 marks

A

Control centre of the cell.

  • It contains the cell’s genetic information arranged in chromosomes.
59
Q

In few words describe what are Chromosomes.

2 marks

A

Threadlike structure found in the nucleus.

  • Made of DNA which contains the genetic information of the cell.
60
Q

In few words describe what happens in the Cytoplasm.

1 mark

A

Chemical reactions take place here.

61
Q

In few words describe what is the Mitochondria.

3 marks

A

Site of cellular respiration. Abundant in cells that need a lot of energy (e.g. muscle cells).

62
Q

In few words describe what is the Cell membrane .

2 marks

A

A selectively permeable boundary surrounding the cell

  • which allows some substances to enter and leave the cell while preventing others.
63
Q

Where is the Nuclear Membrane found?

1 mark

A

Surrounds nucleus.

64
Q

What is the Cellulose Cell Wall?

3 marks

A

Specialised form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant.

  • Responsible for many of the characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells.
65
Q

What Plant Cell structures are not found in Animal Cells?

3 marks

A
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Large Permanent Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
66
Q

List all the Plant Cell Organelles.

9 marks

A
  • Nucleus
  • Chromosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Nuclear Membrane
  • Cellulose Cell Wall
  • Large Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
67
Q

What organelles do Animal Cells and Plant Cells share?

6 marks

A
  • Nucleus
  • Chromosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Nuclear Membrane
68
Q

compare and contrast the structure of bacterial cells with plant and animal cells: non-cellulose cell wall, absence of nucleus and presence of plasmids;

A

A

69
Q

What makes Bacterial Cells different from Plant or Animal Cells?

(8 marks)

A
  • Non-cellulose cell wall; wall made of peptidoglycan
  • Contains; Cytoplasm, a Cell Membrane, and Plasmids (rings of DNA floating in the cytoplasm)
  • Circular DNA of the Nucleoid - DNA is a chromosome that floats in the Cytoplasm
  • Absence of nucleus
70
Q

What Organelles do Bacterial Cells have in common with Plant/Animal Cells?

(3 marks)

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane
71
Q

Describe Stem Cells and their job.

4 marks

A
  • Unspecialised cells found in animals & plants
  • Have the ability to divide to form cells of the same type
  • Can also differentiate into a variety of specialised cells.
72
Q

Describe Stem Cells in animals.

4 marks

A
  • Can be harvested from embryonic umbilical cord or adult bone marrow
  • Differentiate at an early stage into specialised cells with structures that adapt them to a particular function.
73
Q

Describe Embryonic Stem Cells.

3 marks

A
  • Can form a full range of cell types
  • But at an early stage most adult stem cells will have changed permanently into specialised cells
  • Meaning they can’t specialise into anything else.
74
Q

What can Stem cells from bone marrow (only) form?

2 marks

A

A limited range of cell types; Blood Cells.

75
Q

Describe Stem Cells in Plants.

5 marks

A
  • Stem cells found in apical growing points/meristems at the end of shoots/roots
  • Cells produced here are able to divide until they’re in their final position in root/stem/leaf.
  • Their Specialisation can still then be reversed under certain conditions.
76
Q

Compare Stem Cell specialisation in Plants and Animals.

5 marks

A

Plants; Specialisation can still then be reversed under certain conditions meaning large numbers of genetically identical plants can be produced in a short period of time via cloning .

Animals: at an early stage most stem cells will have changed permanently into specialised cells.

77
Q

What can scientists produce via cloning in Plant Stem Cells?

3 marks

A

Large numbers of genetically identical plants (in a short period of time) through the reversal of specialised Stem Cells - under certain conditions.

78
Q

What are some benefits of using Stem Cells in medicine?

6 marks

A

Treating Leukaemia - Chemo/radiotherapy destroy WBC’s in the patients body; stopping bone marrow producing new blood cells.

A Bone Marrow Transplant - containing stem cells from a matching donor allows healthy blood cells to be made in the patient.

79
Q

What are some risks of using Stem Cells in Medicine?

5 marks

A
  • Infection from the environment (+ donor) as chemo/radiotherapy leave the patient with no immune system.
  • Stem cell may divide in an uncontrolled manner leading to the formation of tumours or the development of unwanted cell types.
  • Transfer of viruses/diseases from other animals
80
Q

What Ethical issues are there with the use of Stem Cells in Medicine?

(2 marks)

A

Use of embryonic stem cells + governments controlling research in this area.

81
Q

Explain what is a Peer review.

3 marks

A

New research carried out in any field of science is validated/ rejected by groups of other scientists/experts in the same field

  • to ensure any conclusion drawn from scientific investigations are correct.
82
Q

What type of Cells can Organisms be?

5 marks

A

Single-celled - where all life processes are carried out by 1 cell.

Multi-celled - where cells differentiate + become specialised to carry out a particular function.

83
Q

What is a Single-Celled Organism?

1 mark

A

Where all life processes are carried out by 1 cell.

84
Q

What is a Multi-Celled Organism?

2 marks

A

Where cells differentiate + become specialised to carry out a particular function.

85
Q

How are Specialised Cells organised? List the different levels of organisation.

(4 marks)

A
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Circulatory System
86
Q

What are Tissue Cells?

2 marks

A

Tissue Cells are Cells with the same structure + function.

87
Q

What is an Organ?

2 marks

A

Organs are 7 types of tissue that carry out a particular function.

88
Q

What is an Organ System?

2 marks

A

An Organ System is a collection of Organs that work together to carry out a particular function.

89
Q

Briefly describe the Circulatory System and it’s Function.

6 marks

A

The Circulatory System is a bodily System made up of the:
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
that delivers nutrients + other essential materials to cells whilst removing waste products.

CCEA GCSE Biology Revision (7 decks)

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