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Chemistry AS > CCEA Definitions AS2 > Flashcards

CCEA Definitions AS2 Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical formula

A

A formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

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2
Q

Molecular formula

A

A formula which shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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3
Q

Molecular Gas Volume

A

The volume of one mole of gas under specified conditions of temperature and pressure.

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4
Q

Percentage Yield

A

% yield= actual yield of product/theoretical yield of product x 100

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5
Q

Atom economy

A

% atom economy = mass of desired products/total mass of products x100

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6
Q

Homologous series

A

Compounds which have the same general formula, similar chemical properties, show a gradation in physical properties and successive members differ by a CH2 unit.

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7
Q

Functional group

A

Reactive group within a compound.

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8
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules which have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

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9
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Molecules which have the same structural formula, but different arrangements of atoms due to the presence of one or more C=C bond.

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10
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains only single bonds.

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11
Q

Sigma bond

A

A covalent bond formed by the linear overlap of atomic orbitals.

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12
Q

Pi bond

A

A covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals.

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13
Q

Bond length

A

The distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms.

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14
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of a hydrogen molecule across a C=C.

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15
Q

Electrophile

A

An ion or molecule that attacks regions of high electron density.

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16
Q

Primary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the positively-charged carbon.

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17
Q

Secondary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively-charged carbon.

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18
Q

Tertiary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.

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19
Q

Polymerisation

A

Joining together of many small molecules (monomers) to form a large molecule.

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20
Q

Monomers

A

Many small molecules which join together to form a polymer.

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21
Q

Primary halogenoalkane

A

A halogenoalkane which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen. (Exceptions are halomethanes).

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22
Q

Secondary halogenoalkane

A

a halogenoalkane which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen.

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23
Q

Tertiary halogenoalkane

A

A halogenoalkane which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen.

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24
Q

Reflux

A

Repeated boiling and condensing of a (reaction) mixture

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25
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking up molecules by reaction with water.

26
Q

Nucleophile

A

An ion or molecule with a lone pair of electrons that attacks regions of low electron density.

27
Q

Elimination

A

A reaction in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule.

28
Q

Miscibility

A

Liquid which mix in all proportions.

29
Q

Primary alcohol

A

An alcohol which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group (exc methanol)

30
Q

Secondary alcohol

A

An alcohol which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group.

31
Q

Tertiary alcohol

A

An alcohol which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group.

32
Q

Ground state (IR spectroscopy)

A

A molecule vibration which is in its lowest possible energy state

33
Q

Wavenumber

A

The reciprocal of the wavelength and it is measured in cm-1

34
Q

Endothermic

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants

35
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is less than the enthalpy of the reactants

36
Q

Standard conditions

A

298K and 100kPa

37
Q

Standard enthalpy change

A

Change in heat energy at constant pressure, measured at standard conditions

38
Q

Standard enthalpy of combustion

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.

39
Q

Standard enthalpy of formation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its element under standard conditions

40
Q

Standard enthalpy of neutralisation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of water is produced in a neutralisation reaction under standard conditions.

41
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Contains hydrogen and carbon only.

42
Q

Substitution

A

Replacing one atom or group with a different atom or group

43
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Bond breaking in which ONE of the shared electrons in the shared pair go to a single atom

44
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

Bond breaking in which BOTH electrons in the shared pair go to a single atom

45
Q

Radical

A

A particle with an unpaired electron

46
Q

Unsaturated

A

Contains at least one C=C or C///C

47
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change from one form into another

48
Q

Hess’s Law

A

The enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same

49
Q

Average Bond Enthalpy

A

The energy required to break one mole of a given bond averaged over many compounds.

50
Q

Reaction Rate

A

The change of concentration of a reactant or product with respect to time

51
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction but does not get used up

52
Q

Activation Energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur

53
Q

Reversible Reaction

A

A reaction which goes in both the forward and backward direction

54
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backwards reaction

55
Q

Equilibrium

A

A reversible reaction in which the amount of each reactant/product remains constant

56
Q

Homogeneous

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are in the same physical state

57
Q

Heterogeneous

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are not in the same physical state

58
Q

Heterogeneous catalyst

A

The catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants

59
Q

s-block element

A

An element which has an atom with the outer electron in an s-orbital

60
Q

Solubility

A

The maximum mass of solute that will dissolve in 100g of solvent at a stated temperature

Chemistry AS (6 decks)

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