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Chemistry AS > CCEA Definitions AS2 > Flashcards

CCEA Definitions AS2 Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical formula

A

A formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

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2
Q

Molecular formula

A

A formula which shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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3
Q

Molecular Gas Volume

A

The volume of one mole of gas under specified conditions of temperature and pressure.

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4
Q

Percentage Yield

A

% yield= actual yield of product/theoretical yield of product x 100

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5
Q

Atom economy

A

% atom economy = mass of desired products/total mass of products x100

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6
Q

Homologous series

A

Compounds which have the same general formula, similar chemical properties, show a gradation in physical properties and successive members differ by a CH2 unit.

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7
Q

Functional group

A

Reactive group within a compound.

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8
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules which have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

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9
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Molecules which have the same structural formula, but different arrangements of atoms due to the presence of one or more C=C bond.

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10
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains only single bonds.

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11
Q

Sigma bond

A

A covalent bond formed by the linear overlap of atomic orbitals.

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12
Q

Pi bond

A

A covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals.

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13
Q

Bond length

A

The distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms.

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14
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of a hydrogen molecule across a C=C.

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15
Q

Electrophile

A

An ion or molecule that attacks regions of high electron density.

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16
Q

Primary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the positively-charged carbon.

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17
Q

Secondary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively-charged carbon.

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18
Q

Tertiary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.

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19
Q

Polymerisation

A

Joining together of many small molecules (monomers) to form a large molecule.

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20
Q

Monomers

A

Many small molecules which join together to form a polymer.

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21
Q

Primary halogenoalkane

A

A halogenoalkane which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen. (Exceptions are halomethanes).

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22
Q

Secondary halogenoalkane

A

a halogenoalkane which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen.

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23
Q

Tertiary halogenoalkane

A

A halogenoalkane which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen.

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24
Q

Reflux

A

Repeated boiling and condensing of a (reaction) mixture

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25
Hydrolysis
Breaking up molecules by reaction with water.
26
Nucleophile
An ion or molecule with a lone pair of electrons that attacks regions of low electron density.
27
Elimination
A reaction in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule.
28
Miscibility
Liquid which mix in all proportions.
29
Primary alcohol
An alcohol which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group (exc methanol)
30
Secondary alcohol
An alcohol which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group.
31
Tertiary alcohol
An alcohol which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group.
32
Ground state (IR spectroscopy)
A molecule vibration which is in its lowest possible energy state
33
Wavenumber
The reciprocal of the wavelength and it is measured in cm-1
34
Endothermic
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants
35
Exothermic
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is less than the enthalpy of the reactants
36
Standard conditions
298K and 100kPa
37
Standard enthalpy change
Change in heat energy at constant pressure, measured at standard conditions
38
Standard enthalpy of combustion
The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.
39
Standard enthalpy of formation
The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its element under standard conditions
40
Standard enthalpy of neutralisation
The enthalpy change when one mole of water is produced in a neutralisation reaction under standard conditions.
41
Hydrocarbon
Contains hydrogen and carbon only.
42
Substitution
Replacing one atom or group with a different atom or group
43
Homolytic fission
Bond breaking in which ONE of the shared electrons in the shared pair go to a single atom
44
Heterolytic fission
Bond breaking in which BOTH electrons in the shared pair go to a single atom
45
Radical
A particle with an unpaired electron
46
Unsaturated
Contains at least one C=C or C///C
47
Conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change from one form into another
48
Hess's Law
The enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same
49
Average Bond Enthalpy
The energy required to break one mole of a given bond averaged over many compounds.
50
Reaction Rate
The change of concentration of a reactant or product with respect to time
51
Catalyst
A substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction but does not get used up
52
Activation Energy
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur
53
Reversible Reaction
A reaction which goes in both the forward and backward direction
54
Dynamic Equilibrium
Rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backwards reaction
55
Equilibrium
A reversible reaction in which the amount of each reactant/product remains constant
56
Homogeneous
A reaction in which all the reactants and products are in the same physical state
57
Heterogeneous
A reaction in which all the reactants and products are not in the same physical state
58
Heterogeneous catalyst
The catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants
59
s-block element
An element which has an atom with the outer electron in an s-orbital
60
Solubility
The maximum mass of solute that will dissolve in 100g of solvent at a stated temperature

Chemistry AS (6 decks)

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