CCC The whole version

Question 1

Contingency factors

Answer 1

Technology, environmental turbulence, and size of the organization.

Question 2

Contingency

Answer 2

Is a circumstance that may or may not apply to a certain situation.

Question 3

The strategy of matched samples consists of which two steps

Answer 3

• Choose a comparable, however, narrow subject.

- Draw a conclusion from the chosen subject, even if the subject does have differences with yours.

Question 4

Forces enhancing globalization

Answer 4

• Decrease of transportation costs
• Decrease in communication costs
• integration of international financial markets
• Mass media and social media
• Integration migration

Question 5

Forces that impede the enhancement of globalization

Answer 5

• Economic forces:
• Social forces: unbalanced distribution of benefits
• Cultural forces: search for cultural authenticity
• Political forces: limits of democracy

Question 6

Four possible scenarios for globalization

Answer 6

• Convergence
• Specialization
• Incremental adaptation
• Hybridization

Question 7

The three levels of culture

Answer 7

• Personality: inherited and learned, specific for an individual
• Culture: Learned and specific per group
• Human nature: inherited and universal

Question 8

Maslov’s Hierchy of needs

Answer 8

Is an example of cultural relativity of values

Question 9

Needs of Maslov’s Hierchy of needs (top to bottem)

Answer 9

• Self actualization
• Esteem
• Love and belonging
• Safety
• physiological

Question 10

Beliefs

Answer 10

Propositions about object, concepts or relations between objects/ concepts.

Question 11

Dual processing theory

Answer 11

People process in two distanct ways. Implicit and explicit ways.

Question 12

The characteristics of Implicit processing

Answer 12

Not concious, automatic, fast, paralles thinking, high capacity, and effortless.

Question 13

The characteristics of explicit processing

Answer 13

Concious, controllable, relativaly slow, sequential processing, limited capacity, and effortful.

Question 14

Adaptation

Answer 14

The first origin of culture is Adaptation. The second is differentiation, This means that disinqtions were made which resulted in in-group and out-group divisions.

Question 15

Homophily

Answer 15

Means that people with the same traits are more lilkely to interact with people who have similar traits, and less likely to do so with people who have less similar traits.

Question 16

The three different types of homophily

Answer 16

• Value homophily (Same beliefs and opions)
• Status homophily (cultural background)
• induced homophily (Interaction over time makes us tend to make more similar)

Question 17

Socials identity dynamics

Answer 17

Argues there is a link between individual identity (what distinguishes you from others) and social identity (what you have in common with others).

Question 18

Stereotypes

Answer 18

Widely held but fixed oversimplified images of a particular person or group.

Question 19

Two approaches to culture

Answer 19

Emic and Etic

Question 20

Etic

Answer 20

Refer to distinctions judged by the community of scientific observers.

Question 21

Emic

Answer 21

Refer to distinctions that are significant, meaningful….. regarded as appropriate by themselves.

Question 22

Etic approach steps

Answer 22

1) Desing questionnaire
2) Pre-test the questionnaire
3) establish the samples and conduct the survey
4) construct valid measures for the conducted survey
5) compare these measures between units
6) identified differences between cultures to explain differences in other phenomena

Question 23

Example of the Etic approach, made by Hofstede (6 examples)

Answer 23

1) Individualism vs collectivism
2) Power distance
3) Uncertainty
4) Masculinity vs Feminity
5) Long-term vs short-term
6) Indulgence vs restraint

Question 24

A second major example of the Etic approach made by Ronald Inglehart (2 examples)

Answer 24

1) Traditional versus rational-secular authority

2) Survival vs Self-expression

Question 25

Modernization

Answer 25

Causes the shift from the emphasis on traditional authority to secular-rational authority.

Question 26

Post modernization

Answer 26

Causes the shift from the emphasis on survival to well-being.

Question 27

Factors of modernization (7)

Answer 27

1) Indistrulization
2) mass education
3) urbanization
4) from extended to nuclear families
5) Mass media
6) Division church and state
7) Entry of women in the paid workforce

Question 28

Post modernization (6)

Answer 28

1) Servitization of the economy
2) flexibilization of employment
3) suburbanization
4) Market liberalization
5) Growth of non-traditional households
6) Increasing equality of sexes.

Question 29

The three dimensions of Beugelsdijk and Welzel, about political change that also influenced cultural change.

Answer 29

1) collectivism - individualism
2) Duty - Joy
3) Distrust - trust

Question 30

Modern Management focuses on

Answer 30

Efficiency, objectivity, prescription, and supervision.

Question 31

Postmodern management focuses on

Answer 31

Creativity, emotional connection, and interpretation.

Question 32

Hermeneutics

Answer 32

Is the methodology based on the assumption that we can get into the heads of other people.

Question 33

Empathy

Answer 33

The capacity to understand or feel what other people are feeling.

Question 34

Institutions

Answer 34

Social structures have attained a big level of resilience, and are composed of cultural cognitive, normative, and regulative elements. This in combination with resources, activities, and stability will give meaning to social life.

Question 35

Three different types of institutions

Answer 35

1) Regulative; Formal rules and regulations
2) Normative; Informal rules, values, conventions, and customs
3) Shared beliefs, scripts, heuristics.

Question 36

Two different types of measures

Answer 36

1) Rankings; rated on some dimension, on a scale from very poor to very good.
2) Distance scored: Differ that in several specified dimensions an institution can be measured.

Question 37

Proviso

Answer 37

The Japanese management system in its pure form only applies to regular employees of the larger firm.

Question 38

Characteristics of the Japanese (proviso) management form (four)

Answer 38

1) Lifetime employment
2) Compensation system
3) Employment adjust system
4) Consensus decision-making

Question 39

Nemawashi

Answer 39

Informal one-on-one discussions to prepare the ground for a discussion. In which order you choose to consult someone is based on tacit knowledge. The formal decision, in the end, is just a formality.

Question 40

Ringiseido

Answer 40

Document with the proposal circulates through the organization, starting, most of the time, bottom-up. Every consulted puts his or her Hankostamp on the document.

Question 41

Four different types of lenses to view on corporate governance.

Answer 41

1) Economics and management perspectives
2) Cultural and sociological perspectives
3) The legal origins perspectives and comparative approach to law
4) Political explantations

Question 42

Two parties who want to minimize the agency problem

Answer 42

• Management

- shareholders

Question 43

Different models of corporate finance

Answer 43

1) managerial control
2) Blockholder control
3) Shareholder/ external control

Question 44

Two types of approaches to financial systems in combination with corporate governance

Answer 44

• Bank-oriented systems

- Capital market-oriented

Question 45

Three different concepts in the ‘‘The legal origins perspectives and comparative approach to law’’.

Answer 45

1) establishing the boundaries of property rights
2) defining the quality of law; Difference between civil law (continental European) and common law (anglo-american).
3) engaging in new forms of regulations such as ‘‘soft law’’

Question 46

Co-evolution

Answer 46

Is the diversity of corporate governance and historical perspective and the resulting system was not in one point in time created. However, it was evolved with institutional elements over time.