CCC

Question 1

Contingency

Answer 1

Circumstance or condition that may or may not happen

Question 2

The four possible scenarios for globalization

Answer 2

Convergence, specialization, incremental adaptation, and hybridization.

Question 3

Culture can be seen on these three different levels

Answer 3

Personality, culture, and human nature.

Question 4

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 4

(from bottom to the top) Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 5

Dual processing theory

Answer 5

It states that humans process information in two different ways; Implicity system and the explicit system .

Question 6

Homophily

Answer 6

The tedency of people with similair traits to interact more often than interaction with those with dissimilar traits.

Question 7

There are three different types of homophily

Answer 7

Value homophily (same beliefs and opinions), status homophily (with the same cultural background), and induced homophily (interaction overtime make tend to make people more alike).

Question 8

The two different approaches to culture

Answer 8

Emic and Etic

Question 9

Etic

Answer 9

refer to distinctions judged appropriate by the community of scientific observers.

Question 10

Emic

Answer 10

Distinctions that are significant, meaningful, real, etc etc

Question 11

Etic approach the steps

Answer 11

1) design a questionaire 2) pre-test the questionaire 3) establish the samples and conduct the survey 4) construct valid measures from the survey findings 5) compare these measures between units 6) use identified differences between cultures to explain differnces in other phenomena

Question 12

The six dimensions of Hofstede (etic approach)

Answer 12

1) individualism - collectivism
2) power distance
3) uncertainty avoidance
4) masculinity - femininity
5) long-term versus short-term orienation
6) indulgence versus restraint

Question 13

Second major example of the etic approach (Ronald Inglehart)

Answer 13

1) traditional versus rational-secular authority

2) survival versus self-expression

Question 14

Modernization (Ronald Inglehart)

Answer 14

Causes a shift from emphasis on tradional authority to secular-rational authority

Question 15

Post Modernization (Ronald Inglehart)

Answer 15

Causes a shift from emphasis on survival to well-being

Question 16

Political changes can influence cultural change, the following three dimensions where created by Beugelsdijk and Welzel.

Answer 16

1) collectivism - Individualism
2) Duty - Joy
3) Distrust - Trust

Question 17

Hermeneutics

Answer 17

The methodology that we think we can get into the heads of other people. (putting yourself in the shoes of the other)

Question 18

Empathy

Answer 18

The capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing form within their frame of reference.

Question 19

Institutions

Answer 19

Social structures that have attained a high degree of resilience and are composed of cultural-cognitive, normative and regulative elements that, together with associated activities and resources, provide stability and meaning to social life.

Question 20

Several types of institutions

Answer 20

1) Regulative institutions; formal and regulations
2) normative institutions: informal norms, values, conventions, practives, custos and taboos.
3) cultural-cognitive institutions; shared beliefs, scripts, heuristics and mental models.

Question 21

Insititutions can be measured in the following two ranking and distance scores

Answer 21

Rankings; instititutional systems can be measured in some rating from very good to very poor.
Distance scores; the insititutions differ in a number of specified dimensions.

Question 22

Proviso

Answer 22

Is the Japanese management system in its pure form only applies to regular employees of the larger firms.

Question 23

Japenese system of management has a couple of nooteworthy charateristics;

Answer 23

1) Lifetime employement
2) Compensation system
3) Employment adjust system
4) Consensus decision-making

Question 24

Nemawashi

Answer 24

Are informal one-on-one discussions to prepare the fround for decision.

Question 25

Ringiseido

Answer 25

When document with a new proposal is circulated through the organization, typically starting bottom-up.