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3rd year 2024 > CC1 CARBOHYDRATES 1 MIDTERM > Flashcards

CC1 CARBOHYDRATES 1 MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

-minimum recommended intake of carbohydrates necessary for survival
-this level is recommended only to support the central nervous system, red blood cell production, and tissues dependent on glucose

A

130 grams or 520 kcal per da

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2
Q

-immediate sources of energy for the bod

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

-serves as the major entry point for all foodstuffs to the metabolic pathways of the body

A

monosaccharide glucose

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4
Q

-usually obtained from plant products. They are commonly in the form of starch

A

Exogenous carbohydrates

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5
Q

easily disintegrates upon death of the animal.

A

Glycogen or “animal starch”

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6
Q

-building blocks of carbohydrates.
-They include glucose, fructose, and galactose

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

-made up of two monosaccharide units
-Examples of these are sucrose, maltose and lactose

A

Disaccharides

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8
Q

polymers of monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

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9
Q

-are all polymers of glucose
-They just differ in how the glucose units are joined together.

A

Starch, cellulose and glycogen

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10
Q

usual carbohydrates taken in by the
body are in the form

A

starch, sucrose, lactose and cellulose.

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11
Q

-not changed as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract
-it contributes to the bulk of the stool
as it is formed in the colon

A

cellulose

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12
Q

important in the normal passage of
wastes through the gastrointestinal tract

A

Cellulose fibers

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13
Q

is secreted by the salivary glands.

A

salivary amylase

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14
Q

The enzyme amylase converts starch into

A

starch dextrins, maltose and glucose

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15
Q

act on maltose, isomaltose, a-limit dextrins,
sucrose, and lactose to form the monosaccharides glucose, fructose, & galactose

A

brush border enzymes

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16
Q

certain brush border enzymes are genetically absent or are destroyed when there are

A

intestinal ulcer

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17
Q

results in the formation of gases leading to
abdominal cramps and flatulence

A

lactase deficiency,

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18
Q

absorbed from the lumen of the intestine

A

Glucose and galactose

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19
Q

Glucose and galactose then leave the mucosal cells by

A

facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

fructose is absorbed from the lumen of
the intestine by

A

passive diffusion

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20
Q

Once the monosaccharides reach the liver
via the ________, interconversion of
hexoses occurs

A

portal circulation

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21
Q

galactose is converted to glucose by the action of this two important enzymes

A

-galactokinase
-galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase

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22
Q

results in the leakage of galactose in the circulation, a condition called

A

galactosemia

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23
Q

contributes to cataract formation

A

galactilol

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24
Q

it is where Glucose enters the and which extracts energy from glucose and convert it in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

glycolytic pathway or the
Embden-Meyerhof pathway

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25
Q

process of building glycogen from glucose is called

A

glycogenesis

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26
Q

When not needed, the glucose is stored in the
liver in the form of

A

glycogen

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27
Q

glycogen reserve about _____, and after about _______fasting, it
becomes depleted.

A

-100 g
-10-18 hours

28
Q

-Fatty acids are also brought to the liver where
they are converted to
-the precursor of ketone bodies.

A

acetyl CoA

28
Q

-the utilization of fatty acids and ketone bodies, spares the proteins from –could result in reduction of muscle mass.

A

proteolysis

29
Q

a process where alanine are brought to the liver where they are converted into glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

30
Q

serve as an important source of energy for many vital organs including the brain and the heart

A

Ketone bodies

31
Q

level of glucose in a fasting individual is
maintained within the range of

A

50-110 mg/dL
(2.8- 6.2 mmol/L).

32
Q

-active as a hormone
-produced by the ẞ cells of the Islet of Langerhans of the pancreas

A

insulin

33
Q

suggests hyperinsulinism which is characterized by severe hypoglycemia

A

high level of C-peptide (>1.9 ng/mL)

33
Q

processed by cleavage to form C-peptide and insulin.

A

Pro-insulin

34
Q

has become a marker for endogenous production of insulin to

A

C-peptide

34
Q

ratio between insulin and C- peptide.

A

1:1

34
Q

a ratio due to the rapid
elimination of insulin.

A

5:1

35
Q

is the most important
stimulus of insulin secretion

A

glucose

36
Q

These hormones
are released usually after ingestion or food.

A

Gastrointestinal Hormones

37
Q

Insulin decrease
triglyceride degradation (lipolysis) in the
adipose tissue.

A

Effects on Lipid Metabolism

37
Q

stimulate the ẞ cells to secrete insulin. This
happens after a protein-rich meal.

A

amino acid

38
Q

is very rich in the muscles and adipose tissues

A

GLUT-4

39
Q

insulin stimulates
the entry of amino acids into the cells. It also
promotes the synthesis of proteins in most
tissues.

A

Effects on Protein Synthesis

40
Q

-a polypeptide hormone secreted by the a-cells of the pancreatic Islets.
-called the “hyperglycemic
glycogenolytic factor.”
-Unlike insulin, glucagon has only one target
tissue, the liver.

A

glucagon

41
Q

-from adrenal medulla
-activates the adenylate cyclase which produces cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP)
-stimulates the breakdown of triglyceride

A

Epinephrine

41
Q

glucagon increases glucose by activating

A
  1. Glycogenolysis
  2. Gluconeogenesis
42
Q

stimulate the release of
glucagon

A

-Epinephrine
-norepinephrine

43
Q

thyroid hormones that promote the absorption of glucose in the intestinal

A

T3 and T4

43
Q

-a glucocorticoid produced by the
adrenal cortex
-main activity is to stimulate
gluconeogenesis
-play a role in the long-term regulation of
glucose metabolism

A

cortisol

44
Q

stimulate glycogenolysis and accelerates the degradation of insulin
-they increase glucose levels in the
blood.

A

Thyroid Hormones

45
Q

-produced by D cells of the pancreas
-inhibits pituitary, gastrointestinal, & pancreatic hormones

A

Somastostatin

46
Q

ultrafiltrate thus increasing the urinary output.

A

Polyuria

46
Q

-major health problem in the Philippines
-elevation of fasting blood glucose caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin

A

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

47
Q

this is excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

48
Q

this is excessive hunger

A

Polyphagia

49
Q

-due to an absolute deficiency of insulin
caused by massive autoimmune attack of the
B-cells of the pancreas
-allows the B-cells to be recognized as “non-self”
-a lot of activated T cells leading to an inflammatory condition called insulinitis
-patients also manifest
hypertriglyceridemia
-due to the depression of the activity of
the lipoprotein lipase (LPL).

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

50
Q

requires stimulation of insulin to function.

A

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

51
Q

-without obvious symptoms. Polyuria and
polydipsia may be detected for several
-It does not involve viruses or autoimmune
antibodies
-most important causes are dysfunctional B-cells and insulin resistance

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

52
Q

occurs when tissues fail to respond normally to
insulin

A

Insulin resistance

53
Q

it has difficulty binding with its receptors
on the target cells. Or, the levels of insulin may
be very low

A

pre- receptor type

53
Q

patient fails to respond to insulin because the receptors may be deficient or defective

A

receptor insulin resistance

54
Q

patient has normal levels of insulin or receptors but
signal transporters leading to decreased
uptake of glucose by the cells

A

post- receptor insulin resistance

54
Q

-also known as (LADA)
-slow-onset version of Type 1 diabetes in adults
-increasing incidence over the past
-leading to the immune cells attacking and damaging the pancreatic
beta cells
-causing pancreas to “wear out”

A

Type 1.5 diabetes

55
Q

-can lead to coma or brain death.
-Plasma glucose levels of <45 mg/dL (2.5mmol/L)
-can either be post-prandial (reactive) hypoglycemia and fasting hypoglycemia.

A

Hypoglycemia

56
Q

-more common than fasting hypoglycemia
-There is exaggerated insulin release following
a meal
-increased rate of glucose utilization by the
peripheral tissues

A

Post- prandial hypoglycemia

57
Q

may lose consciousness
and experience

A

Fasting hypoglycemia

58
Q

Hypoglycemia in a first week old baby

A
  • <25 mg/dL - pre-term/low-birth weight infant
  • <30 mg/dL in full-term infants (1st 24hours)
  • <45 mg/dL after 24hours

3rd year 2024 (4 decks)

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