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Clinical Chemistry I > CC lec 4 > Flashcards

CC lec 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 basic discipline

A
  1. Spectrometry
  2. Luminescence
  3. Electromagnetic/Electroanalytic methods
  4. Chromatography
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2
Q

is transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their
frequency and wavelength

A

energy

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3
Q

distance between two successive peaks

A

wavelength

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4
Q

visible spectrum

A

400-700nm

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5
Q

ultraviolet region

A

<400nm

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6
Q

infrared region

A

> 700nm

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7
Q

Planck’s formula:

A

E = hv

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8
Q

h = constant

A

(6.626x10-34 erg sec)

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9
Q

the number of vibrations of wave motion per second

A

frequency

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10
Q

the ____ the wave frequency the ___ the wavelength

A

lower
longer

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11
Q

represents the wavelength in nm at peak transmittance

A

Nominal wavelength

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12
Q

is used to check wavelength accuracy (wavelength calibration)

A

Didymium or holmium oxide filter

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13
Q

verify absorbance accuracy on linearity

A

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

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14
Q

The primary analytical utility of spectrophotometryor filter photometry is the isolation of discreet portions of the spectrum for purposes of measurement.

A

Photoelectric Colorimetry

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15
Q

is the measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength

A

Spectrophotometric measurement

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16
Q

is the measurement of light intensity of multiple wavelength

A

Photometric measurement

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17
Q

6 basic components of single/double beam spectrophotometer:

A

stable source of radiant energy,
filter that isolates a specific region of electromagnetic spectrum,
sample holder,
radiation detector,
signal processor
and readout device

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18
Q
  • It provides polychromatic light and must generate sufficient radiant energy or power to measure the analyte of interest
  • An intense beam of light is directed through themonochromator and the sample
A

Light/Radiant source

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19
Q

Highest or maximum wavelength of tungsten

A

1200nm

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20
Q

most common light source in visible and near infrared region

A

tungsten

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21
Q

routinely used to provide UV radiation

A

Deuterium

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22
Q

covers both the UV and the visible range

A

Xenon

23
Q

emits limited radiation and wavelength

A

line source

24
Q

2 types of light/ radiant source:

A

Continuum source
Line source

25
Q

emits radiation that changes in intensity; most commonly used

A

continuum source

26
Q

It minimizes any stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system

A

entrance slit

27
Q

refers to any wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator and not by the light source

A

Stray light

28
Q

causes absorbance error most common cause of loss of linearity at high analyte concentration

A

Stray light

29
Q

Isolates specific or individual wavelength of light

A

monochromator

30
Q

Are wedge-shaped pieces of glass, quartz or sodium chloride

A

prisms

31
Q

It can be rotated, allowing only the desired wavelength to pass through an exit slit

A

prisms

32
Q

made by placing a semi-transparent silver films on both sides of dielectric such as magnesium fluoride

A

Filters

33
Q

Are the most commonly used; better resolution than prisms
* Made by cutting grooves into aluminized surface of flat piece of crown glass
* Wavelength are bent as they pass a sharp corner

A

Diffraction gratings

34
Q

Also called absorption cell/analytical cell/sample cell
* It holds the solution whose concentration is to be measured

A

Cuvet

35
Q
  • controls the width of light beam (bandpass)
A

Exit slit

36
Q
  • It detects and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy
  • It detects the amount of light that passes through the sample in the cuvet
A

Photodetector

37
Q
  • It displays output of the detection system
  • Measures the magnitude of the current generated by the detector
  • Converts electrical energy into readable numbers
  • Examples: galvanometer, ammeter, light-emitting diode (LED) display
A

Read-out/Meter device

38
Q

It states that the concentration of the unknown substance is directly proportional to the absorbed light (absorbance or optical density) or inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light (% transmittance)

A

Beer’s Law

39
Q

the ratio of the radiant energy transmitted divided by radiant energy incident on the sample

A

Percent’s transmittance

40
Q

➢ is the amount of light absorbed
➢ proportional to the inverse log of transmittance

A

Absorbance

41
Q

Didymium glass __nm __ wavelength
✓ Holmium oxide __nm __ wavelength

A

(600nm) higher
(360 nm) lower

42
Q

Means that the blank contains serum but without the reagent to complete the assay

A

Blanking technique

43
Q

measures absorbance of the sample and reagent in the absence of the end product, and corrects the measurement for optical interference (like hemoglobin) absorbing the wavelength of measurements

A

Sample blank

44
Q

corrects absorbance caused by the color of reagents

A

Reagent blank

45
Q

measures the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substance in the solution.

A

Spectrophotometry

46
Q

2 kinds of Spectrophotometry

A

Single beam spectrophotometer
Double beam spectrophotometer

47
Q

designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength

A

Single beam spectrophotometer

48
Q
  • splits the monochromatic light into two components
  • additional beam corrects for variation in light source intensity
A

Double beam spectrophotometer

49
Q

2 types of Double-beam spectrophotometer

A

Double-beam in space
Double-beam in time

50
Q

uses 2 photodetectors, for the sample beam and reference
beam

A

Double-beam in space

51
Q

uses one photodetector and alternately passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvet and then the reference cuvet using a chopper or rotating sector mirror

A

Double-beam in time

52
Q

for light source variation

A

chopper

53
Q

lithium =
potassium =
sodium =
calcium =
magnesium =
rubidium

A

red
violet
yellow
red orange
blue
red

54
Q

alternative if Lithium will be measured

A

cesium

Clinical Chemistry I (2 decks)

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