CC lab 4

Question 1

is transmitted via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their freq and wavelength

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

describes the relationship between concentration and absorbed light.

Answer 2

Beer’s Law

Question 3

“the effect of a substance present in the sample that alters the correct value of the result, usually expressed as concentration or activity, for an analyte.”

Answer 3

Interference

Question 4

can be defined as the application of instruments, in the form of systems or devices, to accomplish some specific objective in terms of measurement of control and sample.

Answer 4

Instrumentation

Question 5

liquids (reagents, diluents, and samples) are pumped through a system of continuous tubing. Samples are introduced in a sequential manner, following each other through the same network. A series of air bubbles at regular intervals serve as separating and cleaning media.

Answer 5

Continuous flow

Question 6

Photometer and spectrophotometer relies on measurement of light by a _________

Answer 6

Photodetector

Question 7

light intensity is measured detection of light is based on the same principle as photometer.

Answer 7

Spectrophotometer

Question 8

are used in a variety of settings, including small clinics, research
labs, and high-throughput hospital laboratory

Answer 8

Clinical chemistry analyzers

Question 9

A visible lamp produces light of wavelengths from

Answer 9

400 nm (violet
light) to 700 nm (red light)

Question 10

is the separation of each sample and accompanying reagents in a separate container.

Answer 10

Discrete analysis

Question 11

hemoglobin that has leaked from red blood cells and produces pale red to cherry red in color.

Answer 11

Hemolysis

Question 12

comprises of a light source, a light filter for isolation of a range of wavelengths, sample holder cell, photoelectric detector and lastly a recording
device. The current response of the photoelectric cell is dependent on the light reaching the cell.

Answer 12

Photometer

Question 13

A typical light source generates a broad range of wavelengths of light.

Answer 13

lamp

Question 14

Chemical reactions of analyte produce products that can be detected using optical methods which includes (2)

Answer 14

changes in light absorbed
scattered or emitted by the products

Question 15

it is the use of various control systems for operating equipment’s
and other applications with minimum human intervention.

Answer 15

Automation

Question 16

The quantitation of analytes is typically based on one of two measurement principles: (2)

Answer 16

1. measurement of light (Photometry or Spectrophotometry)
2. measurement of electrochemical potential (Potentiometry).

Question 17

states that the concentration of unknown substance is directly proportional to the absorbed light and inversely proportional to the amount of transmitted light (% transmittance).

Answer 17

Beer-Lambert Law or Beer’s Law

Question 18

the presence of excess or high levels of bilirubin in serum or plasma which appears bright yellow to dark yellow.

Answer 18

Icteric

Question 19

they are also used at the point-of-care, such as in physicians’
offices and patient bedsides.

Answer 19

Clinical chemistry analyzers

Question 20

is the amount of light absorbed, proportional to the inverse log of transmittance

Answer 20

ABSORBANCE /OD

Question 21

There are three basic approaches with instruments:

Answer 21

1. continuous flow
2. centrifugal analysis,
3. discrete analysis.

Question 22

universally used in a broad wavelength range from UV to visible to infrared.

Answer 22

Spectrophotometer

Question 23

corrects absorbance caused by the color of reagents the absorbance of reagents is automatically subtracted from each of unknown reading.

Answer 23

Reagent Blank

Question 24

is the distance between two successive peaks and it is expressed in terms of
nanometer(nm).

Answer 24

Wavelength

Question 25

An ultraviolet lamp produces light of wavelengths from about

Answer 25

200 to 400 nm

Question 26

3 most common endogenous interferents in a serum or plasma sample:

Answer 26

Hemolysis Ecteric Lipemic

Question 27

The other is to measure the rate of change in product formed over time

Answer 27

Rate Reaction

Question 28

When an analyte is detected using a chemical reaction, there are two options for assessing its concentration.

Answer 28

End point Reaction Rate Reaction

Question 29

run assays on clinical samples such as blood serum, plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 29

Clinical chemistry analyzers

Question 30

in these systems, samples and reagents are passed sequentially through the same analytical pathway and separated by means of air bubbles.

Answer 30

I-Continuous flow

Question 31

is a term that describes a correction for background constituents that contribute directly to the signal being measured.

Answer 31

Blanking

Question 32

Types of Blanking:

Answer 32

Reagent Blank Sample Blank

Question 33

is ‘’the replacement of human manipulative effort and facilities in the performance of a given process by mechanical and instrumental devices that are regulated by feedback of information so that an apparatus is self – monitoring or self-adjusting’’. -The international Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

Answer 33

Automation

Question 34

are especially suitable for chemical reactions that are completed in a relatively shorttime and are “stoichiometric,” meaning that they produce one product molecule or complex for each moleculeof analyte

Answer 34

End point reaction

Question 35

One is to wait until the reaction is complete and the total amount of analyte is converted to product

Answer 35

End point reaction

Question 36

As the amount of a substance in the solution increases, the relative amount of light that passes through solution and reaches the photodetector _____.

Answer 36

decreases

Question 37

measures absorbance as a function of wavelengths

Answer 37

Spectrophotometer

Question 38

extremely high triglycerides that make the sample turbid or cloudy

Answer 38

Lipemic

Question 39

analyzers offer random access, or stat, capabilities.

Answer 39

Discrete analyzers

Question 40

the ratio of transmitted light divided by incident light on the sample

Answer 40

Percent transmittance (%T)

Question 41

measures absorbance of the sample and reagent in the absence of the end product, and corrects the measurement for optical interference (like hemoglobin) absorbing the wavelength of measurement.

Answer 41

Sample blank

Question 42

makes use of a sophisticated wavelength isolation device called a monochromator.

Answer 42

Spectrophotometer

Question 43

To select the desired wavelength from the spectrum of light produced by the light source, a device called ______ or ____ are used

Answer 43

monochromator or filters

Question 44

It mathematically establishes the relationship between concentration and absorbed light

Answer 44

Beer-Lambert Law or Beer’s Law

Question 45

is based on how fast a fixed amount of substrate is converted to product. commonly observed in enzymatic tests where the substrate convert a numbers of reagent molecules to product. The more enzyme present, the faster the conversion, the difference between the initial and final reading represents the concentration of the analyte.

Answer 45

Rate Reactions

Question 46

Percent Transmittance

Answer 46

%T= transmitted light / incident light (A= - log T or - log I/I0) T = I/I

Question 47

is based on measurement of an electrical potential between two electrodes.

Answer 47

Potentiometry

Question 48

have the capability of running multiple tests one sample at a time or multiple samples one test at a time.

Answer 48

Discrete analyzers

Question 49

2 electrodes

Answer 49

Sensing Reference