CC - ENHANCED Flashcards
- Most common route of drug delivery:
A. Intravenous
B. Oral
C. Rectal
D. Transcutaneous
B. Oral
- Drug administration which offers the most direct route with effective delivery to their sites of action:
A. Intramuscular
B. Intravenous
C. Oral
D. Rectal
E. Subcutaneous
B. Intravenous
Rationale:
Intravenous (IV) administration into the circulatory system offers the most direct route with effective delivery to their sites of action.
- Drug delivery commonly used in INFANTS and in situations in which oral delivery is unavailable:
A. Intramuscular
B. Intravenous
C. Rectal
D. Subcutaneous
C. Rectal
- In pharmacokinetics, serum concentrations ______ when the rate of absorption exceeds distribution and elimination.
A. Decline
B. Spuriously decline
C. Rise
D. Spuriously rise
C. Rise
Rationale:
Serum concentrations rise when the rate of absorption exceeds distribution and elimination.
The concentration declines as the rate of elimination and distribution exceeds absorption.
The rate of elimination can only be determined after absorption and distribution are complete.
- In pharmacokinetics, the concentration of the drug _____ as the rate of elimination and distribution exceeds absorption.
A. Declines
B. Spuriously declines
C. Rises
D. Spuriously rises
A. Declines
- Single most important factor in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM):
A. Amount of WBCs in the specimen
B. Presence of glucose in the specimen
C. Timing of specimen collection
D. Volume of specimen
C. Timing of specimen collection
Rationale:
In general, trough concentrations for most drugs are drawn right before the next dose; peak concentrations are drawn 1 hour after an orally administered dose.
- Specimen of choice for the determination of circulating concentrations of most drugs:
A. Expectorated sputum
B. Gastric fluid
C. Serum or plasma
D. Urine
C. Serum or plasma
Rationale:
Serum or plasma is the specimen of choice for the determination of circulating concentrations of most drugs.
Heparinized plasma is suitable for most drug analysis. The calcium-binding anticoagulants add a variety of anions and cations that may interfere with analysis or cause a drug to distribute differently between cells and plasma. As a result, ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), citrated and oxalated plasma are not usually acceptable specimens.
- All of the following are cardioactive drugs, except:
A. Aminoglycoside
B. Digixon
C. Procainamide
D. Quinidine
A. Aminoglycoside
Rationale:
Aminoglycosides are a group of chemically related antibiotics used for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to less toxic antibiotics.
- A BARBITURATE that effectively controls several types of seizures:
A. Carbamazepine
B. Phenobarbital
C. Phenytoin
D. Valproic acid
B. Phenobarbital
- An orally administered drug used to treat manic depression (bipolar disorder):
A. Digoxin
B. Lithium
C. Phenytoin
D. Theophylline
B. Lithium
- All of the following are immunosuppressive drugs, except:
A. Cyclosporine
B. Phenytoin
C. Sirolimus (rapamycin)
D. Tacrolimus
B. Phenytoin
Rationale:
AKA (Dilantin) commonly used treatment for seizures
- An anti-neoplastic drug that inhibits DNA synthesis in all cells:
A. Clozapine
B. Ethosuximide
C. Methotrexate
D. Procainamide
C. Methotrexate
- Defined as exogenous agents that may have an adverse effect on a living organism; this term is more often used to describe environmental chemicals or drug exposures:
A. Poisons
B. Toxins
C. Xenobiotics
C. Xenobiotics
- Agents that have an adverse effect on a biological system; this term is more often used when describing animal, plant, mineral, or gas:
A. Poisons
B. Toxins
C. Xenobiotics
A. Poisons
- Most sensitive organ to ethanol toxicity:
A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Kidney
D. Liver
D. Liver
- An AST/ALT ratio of greater than _____ is highly specific for ethanol-related liver disease
A. Greater than 0.5
B. Greater than 1.0
C. Greater than 1.5
D. Greater than 2.0
D. Greater than 2.0
- Also known as rubbing alcohol:
A. Butyl alcohol
B. Ethyl alcohol
C. Isopropyl alcohol
D. Methyl alcohol
C. Isopropyl alcohol
- Carbon monoxide expresses its toxic effects by causing a leftward shift in the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve, resulting in:
A. Decrease amount of oxygen delivered to tissue
B. Increase amount of oxygen delivered to tissue
C. Variable amount of oxygen delivered to tissue
D. Normal amount of oxygen delivered to tissue
A. Decrease amount of oxygen delivered to tissue
- Only treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning:
A. Corticosteroids
B. Intravenous immunoglobulins
C. Platelet transfusion
D. 100% oxygen therapy
D. 100% oxygen therapy
- Overdose of acetaminophen is associated with a severe:
A. Nephrotoxicity
B. Hepatotoxicity
C. Ototoxicity
D. Neurotoxicity
B. Hepatotoxicity
- An illicit amphetamine derivative that is commonly referred to as “ecstasy”
A. Amphethamine
B. Cannabinoid
C. Metamphetamine
D. Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine
D. Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine
- Half-life of ecstasy:
A. 0.5 to 1 hour
B. 1 to 2 hours
C. 7 to 8 hours
D. 8 to 9 hours
D. 8 to 9 hours
Rationale:
● Half-life of ecstasy: 8 to 9 hours
● Half-life of THC: 1 day after a single use and 3 to 5 days in chronic, heavy consumers
● Half-life of cocaine: 0.5 to 1 hour
● Half-life of benzoylecgonine: 4 to 7 hours
- Half-life of cocaine:
A. 0.5 to 1 hour
B. 1 to 2 hours
C. 7 to 8 hours
D. 8 to 9 hours
A. 0.5 to 1 hour
- All of the following are naturally occurring opiates, except:
A. Codeine
B. Heroin
C. Morphine
D. Opium
B. Heroin
Rationale:
OPIATES:
The naturally occurring substances include opium, morphine, and codeine.
Heroin, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), and oxycodone (Percodan) are chemically modified forms of the naturally occurring opiates.
Meperidine (Demerol), methadone (Dolophine), propoxyphene (Darvon), pentazocine (Talwin), and fentanyl (Sublimaze) are the common synthetic opiates.
- Environmental pollutants:
A. Elemental mercury
B. Mercurous mercury
C. Mercuric mercury
D. Alkyl mercury
D. Alkyl mercury
Rationale:
In contrast to elemental and inorganic mercury, organic mercury com- pounds, containing alkyl, aryl, and alkoxyalkyl moieties, are environmental pollutants.
- How do enzymes catalyze many physiologic processes?
A. By increasing the activation energy
B. By lowering the activation energy
C. By eliminating the activation energy
D. By adding energy to the reaction
B. By lowering the activation energy
Rationale:
Enzymes accelerate reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to overcome the transition state on the way to product formation.
- Which of the following is the primary mechanism of compensation for metabolic acidosis?
A. Hyperventilation
B. Aldosterone release
C. Release of epinephrine
D. Bicarbonate excretion
A. Hyperventilation
- Which of the following is the primary mechanism causing respiratory alkalosis?
A. Renal failure
B. Hyperventilation
C. Too much bicarbonate
D. Congestive heart failure
B. Hyperventilation
- If a blood gas specimen is left exposed to the air for an extended period, which of the following changes will occur?
A. p02 increases, pH and pC02 decrease
B. p02 decreases, pH and pC02 increase
C. p02 and pH increase, pC02 decreases
D. p02 and pH decrease, pC02 increases
C. p02 and pH increase, pC02 decreases
- Porphyrins are the building blocks of hemoglobin and are composed of:
A. 4 pyrrole rings bound to an iron molecule
B. 4 beta globin chains
C. 4 alpha globin chains
D. 2 pyrrole rings and 2 beta globin chains
A. 4 pyrrole rings bound to an iron molecule