CC Flashcards
Derivatives of serotonin; psilocybin is a component of “magic mushrooms”
Tryptamines
Same feeling as “pleasant feeling” observed in amphetamines
Piperazines
Anesthetic; antihistamine & antitussive properties
Methaqualone
“Bad trip” as a panic rxn, most potent pharmacology materials known
Lysergic acid diethylamine
Have therapeutic roles and CNS depressants; potentiate the effects of heroin
Sedative hypnotics (barbiturates & benzodiazepines)
Depressant, stimulant & has hallucinogenic and anesthetic properties
Phencyclidine (Angel hair /Angel dust), tx: isolation in quiet dark room
Derived from opium poppy; capable of analgesic, sedation & anesthesia; pinpoint pupils
Opiates (morphine: most powerful analgesic)
Urinary metabolite of cocaine
Benzoylecgonine
Only drug that can be tested for up to 45 days, loss of intellectual function
Cannabinoids
Naturally occurring cannabinoids
Marijuana, hashish
Urinary metabolite of cannabinoids
Il-nor- deltatetrahydrocannabinol
Improves athletic performance by increasing muscle mass
Anabolic steroids
Treatment of narcolepsy & attentional deficit disorder
Amphetamines/shabu
No obvious impairment
0.01 - 0.05% w/v
Mild euphoria decreased inhabitations (some impairment of motor skills)
0.03-0.12 % w/v
Decreased inhibitions
Loss of critical judgement
Memory impairment
Diminished reaction time
0.09-0.25% w/v
Mental confusion, dizziness, strongly impaired motor skills
0.18-0.30%
Unable to stand/walk
Vomiting
Impaired consciousness
- best ages to get pregnant w/ symptoms
0.27-0.40% w/v
Coma & possible death
0.35- 0.50% w/v
Nv of lead in body
3.5 ug/dL
Causes blindness, damage arteries & veins
Methanol
Ability to amalgamate, pink disease, minimata dse
Mercury
Causes CNS depression & hypertension
Isopropanol
Used in electroplating & galvanizing, significant environmental pollutant
Cadmium
Odor of garlic breath w/ metallic taste. it has high affinity to keratin
Arsenic
Common constituent of hydraulic fluid and auti-freeze
Ethylene glycol
Causes cherry red blood and skin
Colorless, tasteless, very toxic substance
Carbon monoxide
Bitter almonds breath odor
Cyanide
Other name of pre-albumin
Transthyretin
General transport protein, highest concentration
Albumin
Transports retinol & T4, used to confirm if spx is CSF
Pre-albumin
Maintains osmotic pressure along with salt
Albumin
Cystic fibrosis high prognostic marker
Albumin
Major inhibitor of protease activity
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
Most abundant Fetal in protein serum
Synthesized initially by Fetal yolk sac & then by Fetal parenchyma cells of liver
Alpha 1 fetoprotein
Transports free hgb
Primary Marker for intravascular hemolysis especially in HDN and HTR
Haptoglobin
- depleted or consumed haptoglobin in intravascular hemolysis
Marker for Wilson’s disease & binds to copper
Ceruloplasmin
Increases 10x in necrosis
Largest major non-immunoglobulin protein in plasma
Alpha2-macroglobulin
Transports iron to its storage sites
(-) APR with albumin & pre-albumin
Transferrin
Binds heme released by degradation of hemoglobin
Secondary marker for intravascular hemolysis
Hemopexin
Most abundant coagulation Factor
Appears as distinct band between beta and gamma globulin
Fibrinogen
Cardiac marker, it is used as an early warning test at risk of coronary artery disease
(+) APR
C-reactive-protein
Synthesized in plasma cells
Immunoglobulin
Screening test for AMI
Nonspecific cardiac marker
Myoglobin
Useful for assessment OF early and late AMI
Also increased in renal dse and muscular dystrophy
Troponin T
Marker ONLY in early AMI
Gold standard confirmatory for AMI
Found in myocardium
Troponin I
Marker for CHF ( not for AMI )
B-type natriuretic peptide ( BNP)
Tube used for troponin T testing
Green top tube
Tube used for troponin I testing
Red glass tube
Spx used for BNP
Heparinized plasma
Cysteine proteinase inhibitor
Endogenous renal marker
Cystatin C
Early indicator of glomerular dysfunction
Microalbuminuria
NV of microalbuminuria
0-29 mg / day
Microalbuminuria ref value
30-300 mg / day or 20-200
Clinical microalbuminuria ref value
> 300 mg / day or > 200
Sensitive but non-specific marker for kidney disease
Proteinuria (possible orthostatic)
Gold standard / reference method for glomerular filtration rate
Inulin clearance
- not reabsorbed nor secreted by the tubules
Best alternative method for glomerular filtration rate test
Creatinine clearance
Measures the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection
Creatinine clearance
Earliest glomerular filtration test
Can demonstrate progression of renal disease or response to therapy
Urea clearance
Low molecular weight protease inhibitor
Indirect test, should not be present ibloodn
Cystatin C
Low mol weight glycoprotein
Belongs to the lipocalin protein family and functions as prostaglandin D synthase
Beta trace protein
Major end product of protein and amino and catabolism
Blood urea nitrogen
First metabolite to increase in renal diseases
Easily removed by dialysis
BUN
Causes hepatic coma
Ammonia
Formula for urea
BUN x 2.14
Diacetyl monoxime method / Fearon’s rxn
Urea + DAM = Yellow Diazine derivative
Direct / chemical reference method for BUN determination
Isotope dilution Mass spectrophotometery
Formed from oxidation of creatine
End product of muscle metabolism derived from creatine
Creatinine
Formed from oxidation of creatine
End product of muscle metabolism derived from creatine
Creatinine
Index of overall renal function (100% waste)
Creatinine
Chemical method for creatinine determination
Direct Jaffa method
Sensitive but nonspecific chemical method for creatinine
Folin Wu
Sensitive and specific method for creatinine
Lloyd’s or fuller’s earth method
Elevated concentration of nitrogenous substances like urea and creatinine
Azotemia
Diminished glomemilar filtration w/ normal renal function
Pre-renal azotemia
Damaged within the kidneys
Causes: acute / chronic renal disease, glomenilonephritis
Renal azotemia
Result of urinary tract obstruction
Causes: renal calculi, cancer tumors of genitourinary tract
Post-renal azotemia
Marked elevation of plasma urea and other NPN accompanied by academia and hyperkalemia
Uremia
Characterized by anemia, uremic frost, generalized edema, foul breath and sweat is urine-like
Uremia
Major product of purine catabolism
Formed from xanthine by the action of xanthine oxidase
Blood uric acid
