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Dynamics of Heat Transfer/CC > CC 1 > Flashcards

CC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is energy related to matter?

A

Energy is not matter, but it reacts with matter.

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2
Q

What is an electrons location based upon?

A

It’s energy.

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3
Q

When you add/remove electrons from an atom, you get an ___.

A

ion

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4
Q

Enthalpy is ____.

A

energy

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5
Q

Entropy is ____.

A

disorganization

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6
Q

What is the difference between reductive and deductive?

A

Reductive is looking at tiny molecules, and deductive (in situ) is the whole big picture and then trying to break it down.

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7
Q

Mass measures how much ____.

A

“stuff”

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8
Q

Volume measures how much ____.

A

“space is taken up by stuff”

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9
Q

What is concentration?

A

How much solutes per solvent.

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10
Q

What is a better conductor? Water or salt water?

A

Salt water.

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11
Q

What is temperature?

A

The average movement/speed per molecule.

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12
Q

What is composition?

A

Nutrient composition determined by separation/how much of each chemical you have.

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13
Q

Oxidation is the loss of ____.

A

electrons

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14
Q

Utonian vs nonutonian?

A

Utonian fluids, like honey, don’t pick up speed of flow over the course of time. Nonutonian loses (or gains I think) viscosity as it flows.

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15
Q

What is rheology?

A

The study of how easily things flow and move

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16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of a material from a high concentration to a low concentration

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17
Q

Particles like to move until what is reached?

A

Equilibrium

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18
Q

If solutes can’t reach equilibrium what will happen?

A

The solvent (water) will try to dilute the salt (or whatever the solute is). (Ex: Think of cup example, flow of 10% salt to the 0% area across a membrane).

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19
Q 
Diffusion = \_\_\_\_\_
Osmosis = \_\_\_\_\_
A 
Diffusion = Solutes
Osmosis = Water
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20
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure created by osmosis (movement of water across membranes).

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21
Q

If a carrot is 4% sugar and the water surrounding the carrot has less than 4% sugar, -

A

water will move in. (It’s net movement is in).

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22
Q

If water comes out of something, it’s weight is going to _____.

A

decrease

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23
Q

Define “tonic”.

A

How concentrated something is, “tonicity?”.

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24
Q

Use an example of hypertonic, hypotonic.

A

Egg is hypertonic to solution is it in. Water is hypotonic.

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25
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across membranes.

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26
Q

How does water move in a solution?

A

Water moves from areas with few solutes to areas with more solutes until concentration equalizes.

27
Q

Define “isotonic”.

A

Concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell.

28
Q

Define “hypertonic”.

A

Concentration of solutes is greater outside of the cell than inside.

29
Q

Define “hypotonic”.

A

Concentration of solutes is greater inside of the cell than outside.

30
Q

If an element has an electronegativity below 2, it is ____.

A

lower

31
Q

If an element has an electronegativity above 2, it is ____.

A

higher (stronger pull of electrons)

32
Q

Electronegativity is _____. The periodic trend is _____.

A

How electron “hungry” an atom is. Left - lower the electronegativity and creates a cation usually.

33
Q

Carbon and hydrogen have what kind of bonds?

A

Non-polar covalent bonds, equal pull.

34
Q

What is polarity?

A

Unequal charge distribution.

35
Q

Does polarity affect diffusion?

A

Yes, think of lipids in water.

36
Q

Alkanes have how many bonds?

A

Single

37
Q

Alkenes have how many bonds?

A

Double

38
Q

Alkynes have how many bonds?

A

Triple

39
Q

Explain why onions make you cry when they are cut.

A

You are cutting the disulfur bridges that once existed, releasing a chemical irritant to our eyes.

40
Q

Why are people against alternative sweeteners?

A

Sucralose is carcinogenic.

41
Q

Is water polar? Why?

A

Duh, it has one side that is positively charged and one side that is negatively charged - polar.

42
Q

“Like dissolves like”?

A

Polar substances tend to dissolve well in other polar substances, but not non-polar substances, while non-polar substances dissolve well in non-polar substances, but not polar substances.

43
Q

What happens to water once you start dissolving substances (salt) in it? (Electric conductivity)

A

Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions and when they are dissolved in water, it splits its molecules into ions. This allows the water to conduct electricity as the electricity from the source will seek out oppositely-charged ions in the water. (NaCl is table salt).

44
Q

Does sugar produce ions when it’s dissolved in water?

A

No, sugar is a non-electrolyte substance.

45
Q

Why does a solution of sugar not conduct electricity?

A

The solution of sugar contains molecules of sucrose, but no ions. So no charge.

46
Q

Why is tap water a better conductor than pure?

A

Tap water is not pure, like distilled it, and has some substances diluted in it.

47
Q

Why is tap water a better conductor than pure?

A

Tap water is not pure, like distilled it, and has some substances diluted in it.

48
Q

Explain what is happening in the old lettuce experiment.

A

Water being held in the lettuce will eventually evaporate in storage. The pressure inside the cells drops and the leaves shrink. Placing the lettuce in water - the water will then diffuse back into the cells again through osmosis.

49
Q

What happened in the brine solution in the new lettuce experiment?

A

Because the salt concentration is higher in the bath than it is in the lettuce, the salt will draw out moisture from the lettuce, causing it to wilt.

50
Q

Increase in density will cause an increase in conductivity, T/F?

A

True

51
Q

Why specifically is it that fruits become more translucent after vacuum sealing?

A

The gases inside of a fruit normally cause light to be refracted off of it so after we remove the air, there is less air there to bend the light and you can see through it better

52
Q

Why is steaming a more efficient cooking process than using dry air at the same temperature?

A

Steam has a lot more energy than regular water does (latent heat of energy). The latent heat then lands on the food and transfers its energy to the food.

53
Q

Example of an endothermic process?

A

An ice cube melting.

54
Q

Example of an exothermic process?

A

Water freezing into an ice cube.

55
Q

Name and describe the three subatomic particles.

A

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

56
Q

Explain how in lab, wilted greens were brought back to life and vice versa.

A

Water is going in bc oxmosis

57
Q

Which functional group can act like an acid and donate H+ to the solution it is in?

A

Carboxyl

58
Q

A piece of fruit who’s sugar content is 15 brix is placed into a solution of 25 brix

A

Osmosis, the water is going to come out of the fruit and this is due to the fact that their is a higher concentration of sugar in the water outside, so the water inside of the fruit is going to try to come out to reach an equilibrium

59
Q

What is the difference between a gel and a foam?

A

A gel is a liquid trapped inside of a solid, a foam is a gas trapped inside of a liquid or solid

60
Q

How does the rate of cooling affect the type of solid formed?

A

Crystalline structure cooling is slower and more organized so everything can align correctly

61
Q

What are the four key components and their units that are looked at when studying gases and laws that apply to them?

A

PVNRT

62
Q

Why is an inert gas used to preserve foods?

A

The inert gases are non-reactive, and you are creating a layer that will block out oxygen, preventing the food from oxidizing or reacting with something else

63
Q

Which is easier to dissolve gases into, warm water or cold water?

A

Cold water

Dynamics of Heat Transfer/CC (5 decks)

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