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cbi > CBI7/8 - Key Metabolic Pathways and Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

CBI7/8 - Key Metabolic Pathways and Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Give overall chemical equation for aerobic respiration .

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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2
Q

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Oxidative decarboxylation
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

Discuss investment and payback phase during glycolysis.

A

Investment phase is the input of energy, as some stages in glycolysis use ATP.
Payback phase is the production of energy, where ATP is produced.

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4
Q

Give overall chemical equation for glycolysis.

A

Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi —> 2pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2 ATP + 2H2O

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5
Q

Give names of chemical structures in correct order during glycolysis

A 
Glucose
Glucose 6 phosphate 
Fructose 6 phosphate 
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate 
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate x2
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate x2 
3 phosphoglycerate 
2 phosphoglycerate 
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
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6
Q

How many steps are involved in glycolysis

A

10

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7
Q

Which steps are irreversible during glycolysis

A

Steps 1, 3, 10

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8
Q

Give names of enzymes involved in glycolysis in order

A 
Hexokinase
Phosphoglycose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose bisphosphate aldolase 
Triose phosphate isomerase 
Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase 
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Phosphoglycerate mutate 
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
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9
Q

What electron carriers are produced in glycolysis

A

2 NADH molecules

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10
Q

Which molecule in glycolysis feeds into oxidative decarboxylation

A

Pyruvate

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11
Q

Give general overview of oxidative decarboxylation

A

Pyruvate gets decarboxylated to form acetate and co enzyme A is added to it

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12
Q

Give overall during oxidative decarboxylation

A

Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA —> acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 + H+

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell

A

Cytosol

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14
Q

Where does oxidative decarboxylation occur in the cell

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

Which two stages does oxidative decarboxylation link in aerobic respiration

A

End of glycolysis and start of Krebs cycle

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16
Q

Which enzyme is used during oxidative decarboxylation

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

Where does Krebs cycle occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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18
Q

Discuss general overview of Krebs cycle

A

Two carbon acetyl-coA reacts with 4 carbon oxaloacetate to produce 6 carbon citrate which is oxidised and cycle repeated to produce electron carriers.

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19
Q

What happens to electron carriers NAD+ and FAD

A

Become reduced to form NADH and FADH2

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20
Q

How many and of what type of electron carriers are produced in one cycle of Krebs cycle

A

3 NADH and 1 FADH2

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21
Q

Which nucleotide is made in Krebs cycle

A

GTP

22
Q

List enzymes used in Krebs cycle in order

A 
Citrate synthase
Aconitase 
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 
Succinyl-coA synthetase
Succinct dehydrogenase 
Fumarase
Malate dehydrogenase
23
Q

List chemical species in Krebs cycle

A 
Acetyl coA + oxaloacetate gives citrate 
Isocitrate 
Alpha-ketoglutarate 
Succinyl-coA
Succinate 
Fumarate 
Malate
24
Q

What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Terminal electron acceptor producing water

25
Q

What is the general process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron carriers become oxidised giving energy to pump H+ across inner membrane which creates chemiosmotic gradient to produce ATP

26
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced per electron carrier

A

NADH - 2.5 ATP

FADH2 - 1.5 ATP

27
Q

Discuss electron movement in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electrons from NADH passed to complex I and through coenzyme Q to complex III. Electrons from FADH2 passed to complex II to complex III. Electrons pass through cytochrome C and through complex IV, being accepted by oxygen as final electron acceptor to form water. h+ move into inter membrane space whilst electrons move. Protons then pass through ATP synthase through inner membrane, producing aTP.

28
Q

Discuss malate-aspartame shuttle.

A

Couples cytosolic NADH oxidation to mitochondrial NAD+ reduction, forming NADH in the mitochondrial matrix.

29
Q

Discuss glycerol-phosphate shuttle.

A

Couples cytosolic NADH oxidation to mitochondrial FAD reduction, forming FADH2 in mitochondrail matrix.

30
Q

What are the two shuttle systems in aerobic respiration and why are they required.

A

Malate aspartame shuttle. Glycerol phosphate shuttle.

Inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NAD+ and NADH.

31
Q

What are the three alternative sources of energy, in terms of metabolic substrate.

A

Carbohydrates. Proteins and lipids.

32
Q

Discuss use of carbohydrates a metabolic substrate, and subsequent uses.

A

Enters cycle as glucose or phosphorylated glucose.
Converts to glycogen for storage.
Made into acetyl co A, then can produce ketone bodies, fatty acids or cholesterol.

33
Q

Discuss use of proteins as a metabolic substrate and further uses.

A

Proteins broken down into amino acids which can enter cycle as pyruvate or acetyl coA. Can be used to produced ATP or fatty acids and ketone bodies. Removed from body as urea in urine.

34
Q

Discuss use of lipids as a metabolic substrate and subsequent uses.

A

Lipids can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol high can enter cycle as pyruvate or acetyl coA.
Can. Be made into ketone bodies by beta-oxidation.

35
Q

Define hypoglycaemia.

A

Low blood glucose concentration.

36
Q

Define hyperglycaemia .

A

Increased blood glucose levels,

37
Q

Define the postprandial state or period.

A

Period after eating meal where blood plasma glucose levels increase.

38
Q

Define normoglycaemia.

A

Normal glucose concentration within blood,

39
Q

What is the location of gluconeogenesis.

A

Liver and adrenal cortex.

40
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the reverse of what process.

A

Glycolysis.

41
Q

Which steps in glycolysis are different to gluconeogenesis.

A

Steps 1,3 and 10. In reverse order also.

42
Q

Step 1 of glycolysis - give reverse for gluconeogenesis, including appropriate enzymes.

A

Glycolysis - glucose —> glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase.
Reverse happens for gluconeogenesis with glucose-6-phosphatase.

Glycolysis - fructose-6-phosphate —> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase. Reverse happens for gluconeogenesis with fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Glycolysis - phosphoenolpyruvtae —> pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. Reverse happens for gluconeogenesis by pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP-CK)

43
Q

What factors emulate gluconeogenesis rate.

A

AMP/ATP.
Insulin/glucagon.
Gene expression

44
Q

Drug to inhibit complex I in oxidative phosphorylation. How does it work.

A

Rotenone. Prevents transfer of electrons to coenzyme Q. Blocks use of NADH as electron carrier.

45
Q

Drug to inhibit complex II in oxidative phosphorylation. How does it work.

A

Malonate. Prevents transfer of electrons from electron carrier FADH2.

46
Q

Drug to inhibit complex III in oxidative phosphorylation. How does it work.

A

Antimycin. Blocks use of electron carriers

47
Q

Drug to inhibit complex IV and how does it work.

A

Cyanide. Blocks respiration in the electron transport chain preventing production of ATP.

48
Q

What drug inhibits ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation and how.

A

Oligomycin. Binds to ATP synthase prevents phosphorylation of ADP.

49
Q

Define ionophores.

A

Chemicals that reversible bind ions.

50
Q

Give examples of ionophores that act as metabolic regulators.

A

FCCP and DNP.

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