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CBI > CBI5 - Structure and Function of Biomolecules > Flashcards

CBI5 - Structure and Function of Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Name four types of biomolecules.

A

Lipids, polyaschharides, nucleic acids, lipids.

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2
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides.

A

Aldose and ketone.

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3
Q

What is the typical empirical formula of carbohydrates.

A

(CH2O)n

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4
Q

Define difference between aldose and ketone.

A

Aldose has carbonyl group at end of chain. Ketose has aldehyde group in middle of chain.

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5
Q

Define monosaccharide.

A

Monomer of sugar or carbohydrates.

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6
Q

How many stereocentres does a carbohydrate usually contain.

A

Multiple.

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7
Q

What is a Fischer projection.

A

Three dimensional drawing of carbohydrate molecule.

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8
Q

Define difference between pyranose and furanose.

A

Pyranose is cyclic monosaccharide with OH below ring. Furanose is cyclic monosaccharide with OH above ring.

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9
Q

Define Haworth projection.

A

Planar ring structure of cyclic monosaccharide.

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10
Q

Define difference between alpha and beta anomers.

A

Alpha anomer has OH group on opposite side of new stereocentre. Beta anomer has OH group on same side of new stereocentre.

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11
Q

What is a disaccharide and how do they form.

A

Two monosaccharides joined together via glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction.

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12
Q

Name three types of polysaccharide.

A

Starch. Cellulose. Glycogen.

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13
Q

What type of bond is present in glycogen.

A

1-6 glycosidic bond.

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14
Q

What is present in both starch and glycogen.

A

Amylopectin.

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15
Q

What two structures are present in starch and what bonds do they have.

A

Amylose and amylopectin.
Amylose - 1,4-glycosidic bond.
Amylopectin - 1,6-glycosidic bond.

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16
Q

Give three functions of carbohydrates.

A

Structure. Energy storage. Post translational modification.

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17
Q

How do carbohydrates act as post translational modifications.

A

Initial glycolsylation occurs in ER lumen.

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18
Q

What are the 5 types of lipids.

A

Fatty acids. Triglycerides. Sterol lipids. Sphingolipids. Glycerophospholipids.

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19
Q

What is a fatty acid.

A

Long hydrocarbon chain with COOH group.

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20
Q

What are the two notations for double bonds in fatty acids.

A

IUPAC/C- or w-/n-.

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21
Q

What kind of isomerism is present in unsaturated fatty acids.

A

E/Z isomerism due to C=C which has restricted rotation.

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22
Q

Define a triglyceride.

A

Three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule via condensation reactions forming three Ester bonds.

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23
Q

Define glycerophospholipids.

A

Glycerol with two fatty acids and phosphate head. Multiple head groups possible resulting in differing characteristics.

24
Q

Define major property of all lipids.

A

Amphiphilic allowing lipid aggregation.

25
Q

What is a sphingolipid.

A

Phospholipid with sphingoid base backbone.

26
Q

Name three types of sphingolipid.

A

Sphingomyelins. Gangliosides. Cerebrosides.

27
Q

Where are spingomyelins found and discuss structure.

A

Found in myelin sheath. Contain phosphate group bound to choline or ethanolamine.

28
Q

Where are cerebrosides found and discuss structure.

A

Neurone membranes. Contain monosaccharide head group.

29
Q

Where are gangliosides found and discuss structure.

A

Found in lipids in the brain. Oligosaccharide head group.

30
Q

What are sterol lipids derived from.

A

Cyclopentaperhydrophenanthrene.

31
Q

Most common type of sterol lipid.

A

Cholesterol.

32
Q

What three structures from due to lipid aggregation.

A

Micelles. Vesicles. Lipid bilayers.

33
Q

Define Tm.

A

Temperature at which solid membrane becomes liquid.

34
Q

Define difference between lateral and transversal diffusion in a lipid bilayer.

A

Lateral diffusion involves molecules diffusing within their leaflet. Transversal diffusion involves molecules diffusing between the two leaflets (does not occur commonly).

35
Q

Define difference between nucleotide and nucleoside.

A

Nucleoside is sugar and nitrogenous base. Nucleotide is sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group.

36
Q

Give three functions of nucleotides.

A

Energy units. Second messengers. Enzyme substrates.

37
Q

What are the four types of amino acids.

A

Acidic, basic, neutral polar and neutral non polar.

38
Q

Which amino acid doesn’t have a stereocentre.

A

Glycine.

39
Q

What is the role of chaperone proteins in protein folding.

A

Proteins that facilitate the folding of other proteins.

40
Q

Define a cofactor.

A

Additional non protein compounds that facilitate functioning of proteins.

41
Q

What are the three types of column chromatography used for bio analysis.

A

Size exchange chromatography.
Ion exchange chromatography.
Affinity chromatography.

42
Q

Name three methods of protein purification.

A

French press - pressing cells though small gaps at high pressure.
Repeatedly freezing and thawing cells using liquid nitrogen.
Dissolving membrane using detergent and spreading soluble part from debris.

43
Q

How does SEC work.

A

Separates molecules dependent on size. Beads attached to inside of column.

44
Q

Discuss IEX.

A

Ion exchange chromatography. Serpentes molecules depending on charge. Can be used for cations or anions.

45
Q

How does AC work.

A

Similar to IEX about more specific. Tag added to the protein which is detected.

46
Q

Discuss general process of SDS-PAGE.

A

SDS added to proteins giving negative change. Move through gel towards positive charge. Coloured with Coomassie blue to be shown on gel membrane.

47
Q

Give names of carbohydrates based on number of carbon atoms.

A 
3 - triose. 
4 - tetrose.
5 - pentose. 
6 - hexose. 
7 - heptose.
48
Q

How to determine D or L configuration in sugars.

A

Look at asymmetric carbon atom furthest from aldose/ketone functional group. If OH is on left, L isomer. If OH is on right, D isomer.

49
Q

Common name for sucrose.

A

Caster sugar.

50
Q

Name four types of fatty acids in terms of length.

A

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) - 1-5.
Medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) - 6-12.
Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) - 13-21.
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) - 22+.

51
Q

Highest number of car bonds in a fatty acid chain?

A

Approx 24.

52
Q

Which isomer is unsaturated fatty acids reduces packing.

A

Z isomerism as it causes a kink to the structure.

53
Q

Give notation for 16-carbon fatty acid with 1 double bonds at 8th carbon from methyl end.

A

w/n-8

16:1

54
Q

Where are triacylgycerols commonly found.

A

Adipocytes or lipocytes. Fat cells.

55
Q

Discuss how cholesterol is amphiphilic using structure.

A

Ring system - hydrophobic.

OH - hydrophilic.

56
Q

Define chromatography.

A

Method of isolation using stationary phase that interacts with molecules running through it and mobile phase.

57
Q

What are the monomers used for SDS-PAGE gel formation. Why is one monomer only not used.

A

Mixture of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to form gel structure. Acrylamide solely would produce long chains of polymer instead of gel mesh structure.

CBI (7 decks)

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