CBG 25

Question 1

why study immunology?

Answer 1

control infectious diesease
understand and treat cancer/autoimmune diseases/allergy
transplants- blood/liver/kidney
veterinary immunology-economic lifestock

Question 2

top 5 infectious diseases that kill? (5)

how many deaths in millions in 2001 according to WHO?

Answer 2

respiratory infections e.g RSV 3.8
HIV-AIDs 2.8
diarrheal diseases 2
tuberculosis 1.6
malaria 1.1

Question 3

WHAT 4 THINGS AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM? what are their sizes?

Answer 3

1) viruses 20-40nm
2) fungi 1-5um
3) bacteria (varies)
4) parasites(vary e.g metazoan worms 3mm-7mm)

Question 4

what properties to cbacterial and viral have that means the immune system has to constantly suppress them?

Answer 4

they grow exponentially, they evolve rapidly and adapt

Question 5

What are some main innate immunity responses?

Answer 5

1) epithelial barriers
2) phagocytes
3) complement
4) NK cells

Question 6

what are some properties of innate responses?

Answer 6

rapid,fixed,limited specificity, constant ,0-12 hrs

Question 7

What are some properties of an adaptive response?

Answer 7

slow,variable,numerous highly selective specificities,improves during response, 0-5days etc

Question 8

are B and T-lymphocytes part of the innate response?

Answer 8

NO they are part of the adaptive response

Question 9

what are antibodies and effectors part of?

Answer 9

adaptive response

Question 10

what things are part of the adaptive response and what are part of the innate?(4 each)

Answer 10

Innate

1) NK cells
2) complement
3) epithelial cells (skin barrier)
4) phagocytes

Adaptive

1) t lymphocytes
2) b lymphocytes
3) antibodies
4) effectors

Question 11

are b and t cells specific receptors based on present events?

Answer 11

no they are past on past events

Question 12

what is blood serum?

Answer 12

cell free liquid

No clotting factors

Question 13

what is plasma?

Answer 13

cell free liquid WITH clotting factors

Question 14

what are the plasma components? what %?

Answer 14

water 92%
proteins 7%
other solutes 1% (e.g electrolytes)

Question 15

what three things is blood composed of?

Answer 15

1) plasma
2) erythocytes-red blood cells
3) Buffy coat- platelets and leukocytes

Question 16

where do all stems come from? where?

Answer 16

hematopletic stem cell in bone marrow

Question 17

where do cells become t cells?

Answer 17

thymus

Question 18

what are leukocytes also known as?

Answer 18

white blood cells

Question 19

where do you find the leukocytes in the blood?

Answer 19

in the buffy coat

Question 20

what are the 5 leukocyte types? from most abundant to least

Answer 20

neutrophils      70         never
lymphocytes     20       let
monocytes         8        monkeys
easinophils         4         eat 
basophils            0.5     bananas

3 phils 2 cytes

Question 21

what are 70% of white bloody cells (leukocytes)

Answer 21

neutrophils

Question 22

what is the second most abundant white blood cell type? and what percent?

Answer 22

lymphocytes 20 %

Question 23

what white leukocyte type is the least common?

Answer 23

basophils

Question 24

what is a neutrophil sometimes called and why?

Answer 24

granulocyte as looks granular due to cytoplasmic granules

Question 25

what does polymorphonuclear mean? what blood cell type is polymorphonuclear?

Answer 25

varying shape of nucleus ie nuclear may have 3 lobed segment nucleus

Question 26

what is a neutrophil involved in?

Answer 26

phagocytosis
innate immunity
clears bacterial infections well

Question 27

do neutrophils have a short lifespan?

Answer 27

yes (hours)

Question 28

What does smallpox show?

Answer 28

successful eradication
Jenner and cowpox in 1796
china in 16th century

Question 29

what are monocytes also known as?

Answer 29

young macrophages (they are tissue specific macrophages)

Question 30

what are monocytes concerned with? (3)

Answer 30

1) phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
2) activation of t-cells -initiation of immune response
3) remove cell debris

Question 31

what are lymphocytes important in?

Answer 31

humoral mediated immunity - mediated by macromolecules

cell-mediated immunity

Question 32

what 3 types of lymphocytes are there?

Answer 32

1) B cells- produce antibodies
2) T-cells cytotoxic and helper
3) memory cells (can be both t or b cells) important for critical response

Question 33

what are plasma cells?

Answer 33

terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that provide protective immunity through the continuous secretion of antibodies

Question 34

what are NK cells?

Answer 34

type of cytotoxic lymphocyte

Question 35

purpose of immunity?

Answer 35

To deal with harmful pathogens and internal threats such as cancers

Question 36

how many leukocytes per cubic mm?

Answer 36

5-10 thousand per cubic mm

Question 37

how many platelets per cubic mm?

Answer 37

12-300 thousand

Question 38

how many erythrocytes per cubic mm?

Answer 38

4-6.2 MILLION

Question 39

what do NK cells do ?

Answer 39

Kills cells infected with certain viruses

Tumour immunosurveillance

Question 40

what can divide asymmetrically and self renew?

Answer 40

stem cells

Question 41

what happens at the thymus?

Answer 41

cells become t cells

Question 42

what is vaccination?

Answer 42

artificial creation of memory cells for repeated response

Question 43

plasma cell structure?

Answer 43

smaller nucleus lots of er + produces lots of antibodies