CBG 25 Flashcards
why study immunology?
control infectious diesease
understand and treat cancer/autoimmune diseases/allergy
transplants- blood/liver/kidney
veterinary immunology-economic lifestock
top 5 infectious diseases that kill? (5)
how many deaths in millions in 2001 according to WHO?
respiratory infections e.g RSV 3.8
HIV-AIDs 2.8
diarrheal diseases 2
tuberculosis 1.6
malaria 1.1
WHAT 4 THINGS AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM? what are their sizes?
1) viruses 20-40nm
2) fungi 1-5um
3) bacteria (varies)
4) parasites(vary e.g metazoan worms 3mm-7mm)
what properties to cbacterial and viral have that means the immune system has to constantly suppress them?
they grow exponentially, they evolve rapidly and adapt
What are some main innate immunity responses?
1) epithelial barriers
2) phagocytes
3) complement
4) NK cells
what are some properties of innate responses?
rapid,fixed,limited specificity, constant ,0-12 hrs
What are some properties of an adaptive response?
slow,variable,numerous highly selective specificities,improves during response, 0-5days etc
are B and T-lymphocytes part of the innate response?
NO they are part of the adaptive response
what are antibodies and effectors part of?
adaptive response
what things are part of the adaptive response and what are part of the innate?(4 each)
Innate
1) NK cells
2) complement
3) epithelial cells (skin barrier)
4) phagocytes
Adaptive
1) t lymphocytes
2) b lymphocytes
3) antibodies
4) effectors
are b and t cells specific receptors based on present events?
no they are past on past events
what is blood serum?
cell free liquid
No clotting factors
what is plasma?
cell free liquid WITH clotting factors
what are the plasma components? what %?
water 92%
proteins 7%
other solutes 1% (e.g electrolytes)
what three things is blood composed of?
1) plasma
2) erythocytes-red blood cells
3) Buffy coat- platelets and leukocytes
where do all stems come from? where?
hematopletic stem cell in bone marrow
where do cells become t cells?
thymus
what are leukocytes also known as?
white blood cells
where do you find the leukocytes in the blood?
in the buffy coat
what are the 5 leukocyte types? from most abundant to least
neutrophils 70 never lymphocytes 20 let monocytes 8 monkeys easinophils 4 eat basophils 0.5 bananas
3 phils 2 cytes
what are 70% of white bloody cells (leukocytes)
neutrophils
what is the second most abundant white blood cell type? and what percent?
lymphocytes 20 %
what white leukocyte type is the least common?
basophils
what is a neutrophil sometimes called and why?
granulocyte as looks granular due to cytoplasmic granules
what does polymorphonuclear mean? what blood cell type is polymorphonuclear?
varying shape of nucleus ie nuclear may have 3 lobed segment nucleus
what is a neutrophil involved in?
phagocytosis
innate immunity
clears bacterial infections well
do neutrophils have a short lifespan?
yes (hours)
What does smallpox show?
successful eradication
Jenner and cowpox in 1796
china in 16th century
what are monocytes also known as?
young macrophages (they are tissue specific macrophages)
what are monocytes concerned with? (3)
1) phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
2) activation of t-cells -initiation of immune response
3) remove cell debris
what are lymphocytes important in?
humoral mediated immunity - mediated by macromolecules
cell-mediated immunity
what 3 types of lymphocytes are there?
1) B cells- produce antibodies
2) T-cells cytotoxic and helper
3) memory cells (can be both t or b cells) important for critical response
what are plasma cells?
terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that provide protective immunity through the continuous secretion of antibodies
what are NK cells?
type of cytotoxic lymphocyte
purpose of immunity?
To deal with harmful pathogens and internal threats such as cancers
how many leukocytes per cubic mm?
5-10 thousand per cubic mm
how many platelets per cubic mm?
12-300 thousand
how many erythrocytes per cubic mm?
4-6.2 MILLION
what do NK cells do ?
Kills cells infected with certain viruses
Tumour immunosurveillance
what can divide asymmetrically and self renew?
stem cells
what happens at the thymus?
cells become t cells
what is vaccination?
artificial creation of memory cells for repeated response
plasma cell structure?
smaller nucleus lots of er + produces lots of antibodies
