CBG 25 Flashcards

1
Q

why study immunology?

A

control infectious diesease
understand and treat cancer/autoimmune diseases/allergy
transplants- blood/liver/kidney
veterinary immunology-economic lifestock

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2
Q

top 5 infectious diseases that kill? (5)

how many deaths in millions in 2001 according to WHO?

A

respiratory infections e.g RSV 3.8
HIV-AIDs 2.8
diarrheal diseases 2
tuberculosis 1.6
malaria 1.1

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3
Q

WHAT 4 THINGS AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM? what are their sizes?

A

1) viruses 20-40nm
2) fungi 1-5um
3) bacteria (varies)
4) parasites(vary e.g metazoan worms 3mm-7mm)

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4
Q

what properties to cbacterial and viral have that means the immune system has to constantly suppress them?

A

they grow exponentially, they evolve rapidly and adapt

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5
Q

What are some main innate immunity responses?

A

1) epithelial barriers
2) phagocytes
3) complement
4) NK cells

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6
Q

what are some properties of innate responses?

A

rapid,fixed,limited specificity, constant ,0-12 hrs

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7
Q

What are some properties of an adaptive response?

A

slow,variable,numerous highly selective specificities,improves during response, 0-5days etc

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8
Q

are B and T-lymphocytes part of the innate response?

A

NO they are part of the adaptive response

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9
Q

what are antibodies and effectors part of?

A

adaptive response

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10
Q

what things are part of the adaptive response and what are part of the innate?(4 each)

A

Innate

1) NK cells
2) complement
3) epithelial cells (skin barrier)
4) phagocytes

Adaptive

1) t lymphocytes
2) b lymphocytes
3) antibodies
4) effectors

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11
Q

are b and t cells specific receptors based on present events?

A

no they are past on past events

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12
Q

what is blood serum?

A

cell free liquid

No clotting factors

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13
Q

what is plasma?

A

cell free liquid WITH clotting factors

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14
Q

what are the plasma components? what %?

A

water 92%
proteins 7%
other solutes 1% (e.g electrolytes)

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15
Q

what three things is blood composed of?

A

1) plasma
2) erythocytes-red blood cells
3) Buffy coat- platelets and leukocytes

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16
Q

where do all stems come from? where?

A

hematopletic stem cell in bone marrow

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17
Q

where do cells become t cells?

A

thymus

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18
Q

what are leukocytes also known as?

A

white blood cells

19
Q

where do you find the leukocytes in the blood?

A

in the buffy coat

20
Q

what are the 5 leukocyte types? from most abundant to least

A
neutrophils      70         never
lymphocytes     20       let
monocytes         8        monkeys
easinophils         4         eat 
basophils            0.5     bananas

3 phils 2 cytes

21
Q

what are 70% of white bloody cells (leukocytes)

A

neutrophils

22
Q

what is the second most abundant white blood cell type? and what percent?

A

lymphocytes 20 %

23
Q

what white leukocyte type is the least common?

A

basophils

24
Q

what is a neutrophil sometimes called and why?

A

granulocyte as looks granular due to cytoplasmic granules

25
Q

what does polymorphonuclear mean? what blood cell type is polymorphonuclear?

A

varying shape of nucleus ie nuclear may have 3 lobed segment nucleus

26
Q

what is a neutrophil involved in?

A

phagocytosis
innate immunity
clears bacterial infections well

27
Q

do neutrophils have a short lifespan?

A

yes (hours)

28
Q

What does smallpox show?

A

successful eradication
Jenner and cowpox in 1796
china in 16th century

29
Q

what are monocytes also known as?

A

young macrophages (they are tissue specific macrophages)

30
Q

what are monocytes concerned with? (3)

A

1) phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
2) activation of t-cells -initiation of immune response
3) remove cell debris

31
Q

what are lymphocytes important in?

A

humoral mediated immunity - mediated by macromolecules

cell-mediated immunity

32
Q

what 3 types of lymphocytes are there?

A

1) B cells- produce antibodies
2) T-cells cytotoxic and helper
3) memory cells (can be both t or b cells) important for critical response

33
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that provide protective immunity through the continuous secretion of antibodies

34
Q

what are NK cells?

A

type of cytotoxic lymphocyte

35
Q

purpose of immunity?

A

To deal with harmful pathogens and internal threats such as cancers

36
Q

how many leukocytes per cubic mm?

A

5-10 thousand per cubic mm

37
Q

how many platelets per cubic mm?

A

12-300 thousand

38
Q

how many erythrocytes per cubic mm?

A

4-6.2 MILLION

39
Q

what do NK cells do ?

A

Kills cells infected with certain viruses

Tumour immunosurveillance

40
Q

what can divide asymmetrically and self renew?

A

stem cells

41
Q

what happens at the thymus?

A

cells become t cells

42
Q

what is vaccination?

A

artificial creation of memory cells for repeated response

43
Q

plasma cell structure?

A

smaller nucleus lots of er + produces lots of antibodies