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CBC Flashcards

1
Q

study of blood and its formed elements

A

hematology

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2
Q

about ___% of total blood volume is plasma

A

55

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3
Q

about ___% of blood volume is formed elements

A

45

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4
Q

about ___% of blood volume is erythrocytes

A

44

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5
Q

about ___% of blood volume is WBC and platelets

A

1

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6
Q

________ are responsible for preventing blood loss from hemorrhage and exert their main effect on the blood vessel wall

A

platelets

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7
Q

_______ is the cellular formation, proliferation, differentiation and maturation of blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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8
Q

name the 6 hematopoietic tissues/organs

A 
liver
spleen
thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes
RES
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9
Q

T or F

normally only mature cells are released into peripheral blood

A

true

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10
Q

when does hematopoiesis begin?

A

about the 19th day of gestation

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11
Q

where in a normal adult are blood cells made?

A

bone marrow of the axial skeleton

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12
Q

bone marrow contains a hematopoietic or a pluripotential ____ _____ that can differentiate, proliferate and renew into any mature blood cell

A

stem cell

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13
Q

hematopoiesis is stimulated by _____ (3)

A

erythropoietin, leukopoietin and thrombopoietin

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14
Q

erythropoietin is produced by the ______

A

kidney

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15
Q

postnatally, erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets are normally produced in the _______.

A

bone marrow

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16
Q

where are lymphocytes produced?

A

secondary lymphoid organs such as spleen and lymph nodes, as well as bone marrow and thymus

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17
Q

hematopoiesis starts with what kind of cell?

A

stem cell

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18
Q

_______ is the primary regulator of erythropoiesis

A

erythropoiesis

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19
Q

how long does cell division take?

A

3-5 days

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20
Q

once hemoglobin synthesis is completed, how long does it take for a red blood cell to mature before it is released into circulation?

A

1-2 days

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21
Q

describe the shape of a RBC

A

biconcave disc

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22
Q

lifespan of a RBC

A

120 days

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23
Q

what is the main function of a RBC

A

transport hemoglobin

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24
Q

protein that delivers oxygen from the lungs to tissue and cells and transports carbon dioxide from the cells

A

hemoglobin

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25
Q

RBC’s are ___% hemoglobin and ___% water

A

90

10

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26
Q

T or F

RBC’s have a nucleus

A

false

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27
Q

T or F

RBC’s are firm and unbendable

A

false

they are flexible and deformable to pass into micro-circulation

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28
Q

T or F

normal concentration of RBC’s vary with age, sex and geographic location

A

true

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29
Q

these 2 groups of people generally have lower CBC counts

A

females and children

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30
Q

normal RBC count for adult male

A

4.5-6 million/mm3

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31
Q

normal RBC count for adult female

A

4.0-5.5 million/mm3

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32
Q

normal RBC count for children

A

4.0-5.5 million/mm3

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33
Q

low RBC count

A

anemia

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34
Q

high RBC count

A

polycythemia

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35
Q

packed cell count/packed cell volume/percentage of total blood volume made up of RBCs

A

hematocrit

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36
Q

T or F

hematocrit can drop during menses

A

true

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37
Q

T or F

A patient only has anemia if RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit are low

A

false

anemia will occur if any of the values are decreased

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38
Q

what does MCV stand for and what is it a measure of

A

mean corpuscular volume

size of RBCs

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39
Q

what does MCH stand for and what is it a measure of

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin
weight of RBCs
(indicates color)

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40
Q

what does MCHC stand for and what is it a measure of

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

hemoglobin concentration

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41
Q

what are the 3 cell sizes

A

normocytic (normal)
microcytic (too small)
macrocytic (too big)

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42
Q

Hgb content (3)

A

normochromic (normal)
hypochromic (not enough hemoglobin)
hyperchromic (too much hemoglobin)

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43
Q

aka hyperchromic

A

polychromasia

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44
Q

T or F

anemia can be congenital

A

true

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45
Q

anemia is classified by what 2 things

A

cell size and color

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46
Q

T or F

anemia is an indication of an underlying disorder

A

true

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47
Q

name the anemia
decreased MCV
decreased MCH/MCHC

A

microcytic hypochromic

RBCs are too small and color is too light

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48
Q

name the anemia
normal MCV
normal MCH/MCHC

A

normocytic normochromic

size and color of the RBCs is normal, but RBC count is low

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49
Q

name the anemia
increased MCV
normal MCH/MCHC

A

macrocytic normochromic

RBCs are too big but color is fine

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50
Q

name the anemia
increased MCV
increased MCH/MCHC

A

macrocytic hyperchromic

RBCs are too big and color is too dark

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51
Q

T or F

anemia indicates a decreased ability of oxygen carrying capacity

A

true

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52
Q

3 general causes of anemia

A

decreased RBC production
increased destruction
blood loss

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53
Q

4 causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia
anemia of chronic disease
thalassemia
chronic blood loss

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54
Q

___% of the time anemia of chronic disease results in normocytic anemia, ___% of the time it is microcytic

A

75

25

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55
Q

4 causes of macrocytic normochromic anemias

A

vitamin B12 deficiency
folic acid deficiency
alcoholism
liver disease

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56
Q

4 causes of normocytic normochromic anemia

A

anemia of chronic disease (ACD)
acute blood loss
hemolytic anemia (eg sickle cell)
aplastic anemia

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57
Q

____ is an essential component of hemoglobin, myoglobin and many enzymes

A

iron

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58
Q

how much of total iron is in the RBCs

A

2/3

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59
Q

iron is stored in what 2 forms

A

ferritin

hemosiderin

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60
Q

iron is transported by _______

A

transferrin

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61
Q

T or F

very little iron is lost in the body

A

true

mostly by GI tract, menses and urine

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62
Q

most common cause of anemia worldwide

A

IDA

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63
Q

acute bleeding results in what type of anemia

A

normocytic normochromic

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64
Q

chronic bleeding results in what type of anemia

A

microcytic hypochromic

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65
Q

IDA is usually due to what

A

chronic blood loss

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66
Q

worldwide, the most important cause of IDA is ______

A

parasitic infections

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67
Q

in adults over 50, the most common cause of IDA is what

A

chronic GI bleeding from ulcers or cancer

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68
Q

in developed countries where parasitic infections are less common, the principal cause of IDA is _____

A

menses

69
Q

iron is necessary for the formation of ____

A

heme

70
Q

the average diet consists of 10-20mg of iron and only ___% of it is absorbed

A

10

71
Q

________ is the most common cause of IDA

A

chronic blood loss

72
Q

unusual cravings for specific foods or unusual substances

A

pica

73
Q

pagophagia

A

pica for ice

74
Q

T or F

TIBC is an indirect measurement of the amount of transferring in the blood

A

true

75
Q

TIBC in IDA is (high/low)

A

low

76
Q

anemia of chronic disease aka

A

anemia of inflammation

77
Q

with anemia of chronic disease red blood survival is (increased/decreased) and _______ fails to compensate

A

decreased

bone marrow

78
Q

anemia of chronic disease has a (high/normal/low) TIBC

A

low

79
Q

if anemia of chronic disease is related to kidney disease then it is known as _______

A

ARD (anemia renal disease)

80
Q

T or F

thalassemia is a hereditary disorder

A

true

81
Q

thalassemia is characterized by reduced synthesis of _______ of ______

A

globulin chains

hemoglobin

82
Q

thalassemia is what kind of anemia

A

microcytic hypochromic

83
Q

two types of thalassemia

A

alpha

beta

84
Q

alpha thalassemia is primarily seen in people from what 2 places?

A

China

southeast asia

85
Q

beta thalassemia is primarily in people of what origin?

A

mediterranean

86
Q

3 levels of thalassemia

A

minor- trait is present
intermedia
major- life threatening anemia and other changes

87
Q

thalassemia major aka

A

cooley’s anemia

mediterranean

88
Q

thalassemia major

homozygous or heterozygous

A

homo

89
Q

thalassemia major clinical problems

A 
growth failure
bone deformities
marrow expansion
widened diploic space
hair on end appearance on skull
facial abnormalities
pathological fractures
hepatosplenomegaly
jaundice
gallstones
90
Q

thalassemia minor

homozygous or heterozygous

A

heterozygous

91
Q

T or F

thalassemia minor patients are clinically normal and require no treatment

A

true

92
Q

which kind of thalassemia patients require regular transfusions

A

major

93
Q

in thalassemia patients, iron parameters are (high/normal/low)

A

normal

94
Q

TIBC in thalassemia is ______

A

normal

95
Q

how is alpha and beta thalassemia differentiated?

A

hemoglobin electrophoresis

96
Q

what are the 4 microcytic hypochromic anemias

A

IDA
thalassemia
ACD
chronic blood loss

97
Q

TIBC
IDA
ACD
thalassemia

A

increased
decreased
normal

98
Q

4 causes of macrocytic normochromic anemia

A

vitamin B deficiency
folic acid deficiency
alcoholism
liver disease

99
Q

in macrocytic normochromic anemia MCV is (increased/normal/decreased)

A

increased

100
Q

megaloblastic macrocytic normochromic anemia is likely due to deficiency of ______ or _____

A

folate (B9)

cobalamin (B12)

101
Q

______ is necessary to convert folic acid to its active form needed in the formation and function of RBC’s

A

vitamin B12

102
Q

in megaloblastic anemia, RBC’s are abnormally _____, have a _____ life span and ______ oxygen carrying capacity

A

large
shortened
decreased

103
Q

B12 requirements increase with _____ and _____

A

pregnancy

malignancy

104
Q

intrinsic factor is produced in the _____ of the stomach

A

gastric mucosa

105
Q

anemia from B12 deficiency

A

pernicious anemia

106
Q

________ is the most common cause of B12 deficiency/pernicious anemia

A

deficiency of intrinsic factor

107
Q

intrinsic factor is needed to ________

A

absorb B12 in the small intestine

108
Q

the second most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is ______

A

lack of gastric acid necessary to separate B12 from its binding proteins

109
Q

the third most common cause of B12 deficiency is _____

A

malabsorption- due to diseases of the terminal ilium (worm infestation, inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption syndromes)

110
Q

B12 deficiency signs and symptoms

A 
lemon-yellow skin color
premature graying
weakness
sore tongue
GI symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain)
paresthesia
loss of vibratory sensation
irritability
emotional instability
neuropsychiatric disorders
111
Q

raw beef tongue

A

B12 deficiency

112
Q

1 out of 4 people with pernicious anemia develop ______

A

stomach cancer

113
Q

folic acid deficiency is due to _____

A

decreased intake

114
Q

folic acid requirements increased with (3)

A

pregnancy
infancy
malignancy

115
Q

over time B12 deficiency cause ______

A

neurologic symptoms such as numbness, tingling, depression, memory loss and irritability

116
Q

severe cases of folate deficiency may result in _____ and _____

A

depression

dementia

117
Q

4 normocytic normochromic anemias

A

ACD
acute blood loss
hemolytic anemia
aplastic anemia

118
Q

severe life threatening syndrome that is from a decreased production of all cell lines

A

aplastic anemia

119
Q

prognosis for aplastic anemia is ____

A

poor

120
Q

anemia that is due to increased RBC destruction

A

hemolytic anemia

121
Q

extravascular RBC breakdown occurs in the ______

A

RES (reticuloendothelial system)

122
Q

intravascular RBC breakdown is ___

A

rare

123
Q

________ is a serious chronic hemolytic anemia

A

sickle cell anemia

124
Q

sickle cell anemia is first manifested when?

A

early childhood

125
Q

average life expectancy for people with sickle cell anemia

A

males 42

females 48

126
Q

sickle cell anemia occurs almost exclusively in the ____ population

A

black

127
Q

signs and symptoms of sickle cell

A

same as anemia as well as chest, abdominal and musculoskeletal pain

128
Q

hand foot syndrome is seen with _____

A

sickle cell anemia

129
Q

hair on end appearance is seen with what 2 anemias

A

thalassemia

sickle cell

130
Q

sickle cell affects approximately __% of African americans

A

10

131
Q

acute bleeding results in a _____cytic _____chromic anemia

A

normo

normo

132
Q

chronic bleeding results in a ___cytic ____chromic anemia

A

micro

hypo

133
Q

increase in erythropoiesis

A

polycythemia

134
Q

in polycythemia RBCs, Hgb and hematocrit are all (increased/normal/decreased)

A

increased

135
Q

3 types of polycythemia

A

polycythemia vera- primary
absolute polycythemia- secondary
relative polycythemia

136
Q

common s/s of polycythemia (6)

A 
red face
high blood pressure
low exercise tolerance
joint pain
splenomegaly
itchiness, esp after a warm bath
137
Q

polycythemia (rubra) vera is an absolute increase in ______

A

all cell types (RBC, WBC, platelets)

138
Q

chronic myeloproliferative disorder with overproduction of erythrocytes

A

polycythemia

139
Q

physiologic response to the need for more BC production due to an increased need for oxygen, pulmonary disorder or increase in erythropoietin

A

secondary polycythemia

140
Q

secondary polycythemia is a normal adaptation to people who live where?

A

at high altitudes

141
Q

secondary polycythemia generally occurs in people with what conditions

A 
heart disease
lung disease
history of smoking
COPD
renal tumors
142
Q

relative polycythemia is most often associated with ______

A

dehydration

143
Q

primary polycythemia is really a malignancy of ____

A

bone marrow

144
Q

polycythemia is the opposite of _____

A

anemia

145
Q

relative polycythemia is due to a decrease in _____

A

plasma volume

146
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

147
Q

____ is a measurement of the rate with which the RBCs settle in saline or plasma over a specific time period (one hour)

A

ESR

148
Q

T or F

ESR is sensitive byt it is non specific and not diagnostic of a particular organ

A

true

149
Q

ESR can be used to monitor disease progress: as disease worsens ESR (increases/decreases)

A

increases

150
Q

_______ is stacking of the RBCs similar to a stack of coins as they stack they drop more rapidly

A

rouleaux formation

151
Q

ESR (increases/decreases) with age

A

increases

152
Q

ESR formula must be corrected in _____ because there are fewer cells

A

anemia

153
Q

sore throat causes (increased/decreased) ESR

A

increased

154
Q

appendicitis causes (increased/decreased) ESR

A

increased

155
Q

with angina pectoris where there is no tissue damage, ESR is (increased/normal/decreased)

A

normal

156
Q

MI (tissue destruction) causes ESR to (increase/decrease)

A

increase

157
Q

ESR parallels ____

A

c reactive protein

158
Q

a non-specific, acute phase reactant used to diagnose bacterial infections, connective tissue disorders, neoplastic disease and inflammatory disorders

A

c reactive protein

159
Q

____ is an abnormal protein produced in the liver in response to tissue destruction/inflammation

A

C reactive protein

160
Q

CRP is (more/less) sensitive than ESR

A

more

161
Q

CRP increases (faster/slower) disappears (faster/slower) than ESR during recovery

A

faster

faster

162
Q

RBC that vary in size frequently found in hemolytic anemia

A

anisocytes

163
Q

increased numbers of reticulocytes seen in folate and B12 deficiency as well as in polycythemia

A

polychromasia

164
Q

oval shape RBC, normally only small numbers are present, may be seen in IDA and megaloblastic anemia

A

ovalcyte

165
Q

teardrop shaped RBC may be seen in ______

A

thalassemia

166
Q

target cells are seen in (3)

A

thalassemia
ss
chronic liver

167
Q

basophilic stippling is seen in ____

A

lead poisioning

168
Q

stippling appearance is seen in (2)

A

thalassemia

hemolytic anemia

169
Q

young immature non-nucleated RBCs

A

reticulocytes

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