CBC Flashcards
1
Q
study of blood and its formed elements
A
hematology
2
Q
about ___% of total blood volume is plasma
A
55
3
Q
about ___% of blood volume is formed elements
A
45
4
Q
about ___% of blood volume is erythrocytes
A
44
5
Q
about ___% of blood volume is WBC and platelets
A
1
6
Q
________ are responsible for preventing blood loss from hemorrhage and exert their main effect on the blood vessel wall
A
platelets
7
Q
_______ is the cellular formation, proliferation, differentiation and maturation of blood cells
A
hematopoiesis
8
Q
name the 6 hematopoietic tissues/organs
A
liver spleen thymus bone marrow lymph nodes RES
9
Q
T or F
normally only mature cells are released into peripheral blood
A
true
10
Q
when does hematopoiesis begin?
A
about the 19th day of gestation
11
Q
where in a normal adult are blood cells made?
A
bone marrow of the axial skeleton
12
Q
bone marrow contains a hematopoietic or a pluripotential ____ _____ that can differentiate, proliferate and renew into any mature blood cell
A
stem cell
13
Q
hematopoiesis is stimulated by _____ (3)
A
erythropoietin, leukopoietin and thrombopoietin
14
Q
erythropoietin is produced by the ______
A
kidney
15
Q
postnatally, erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets are normally produced in the _______.
A
bone marrow
16
Q
where are lymphocytes produced?
A
secondary lymphoid organs such as spleen and lymph nodes, as well as bone marrow and thymus
17
Q
hematopoiesis starts with what kind of cell?
A
stem cell
18
Q
_______ is the primary regulator of erythropoiesis
A
erythropoiesis
19
Q
how long does cell division take?
A
3-5 days
20
Q
once hemoglobin synthesis is completed, how long does it take for a red blood cell to mature before it is released into circulation?
A
1-2 days
21
Q
describe the shape of a RBC
A
biconcave disc
22
Q
lifespan of a RBC
A
120 days
23
Q
what is the main function of a RBC
A
transport hemoglobin
24
Q
protein that delivers oxygen from the lungs to tissue and cells and transports carbon dioxide from the cells
A
hemoglobin
25
RBC's are ___% hemoglobin and ___% water
90
| 10
26
T or F
| RBC's have a nucleus
false
27
T or F
| RBC's are firm and unbendable
false
| they are flexible and deformable to pass into micro-circulation
28
T or F
| normal concentration of RBC's vary with age, sex and geographic location
true
29
these 2 groups of people generally have lower CBC counts
females and children
30
normal RBC count for adult male
4.5-6 million/mm3
31
normal RBC count for adult female
4.0-5.5 million/mm3
32
normal RBC count for children
4.0-5.5 million/mm3
33
low RBC count
anemia
34
high RBC count
polycythemia
35
packed cell count/packed cell volume/percentage of total blood volume made up of RBCs
hematocrit
36
T or F
| hematocrit can drop during menses
true
37
T or F
| A patient only has anemia if RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit are low
false
anemia will occur if any of the values are decreased
38
what does MCV stand for and what is it a measure of
mean corpuscular volume
| size of RBCs
39
what does MCH stand for and what is it a measure of
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
weight of RBCs
(indicates color)
40
what does MCHC stand for and what is it a measure of
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
| hemoglobin concentration
41
what are the 3 cell sizes
normocytic (normal)
microcytic (too small)
macrocytic (too big)
42
Hgb content (3)
normochromic (normal)
hypochromic (not enough hemoglobin)
hyperchromic (too much hemoglobin)
43
aka hyperchromic
polychromasia
44
T or F
| anemia can be congenital
true
45
anemia is classified by what 2 things
cell size and color
46
T or F
| anemia is an indication of an underlying disorder
true
47
name the anemia
decreased MCV
decreased MCH/MCHC
microcytic hypochromic
| RBCs are too small and color is too light
48
name the anemia
normal MCV
normal MCH/MCHC
normocytic normochromic
| size and color of the RBCs is normal, but RBC count is low
49
name the anemia
increased MCV
normal MCH/MCHC
macrocytic normochromic
| RBCs are too big but color is fine
50
name the anemia
increased MCV
increased MCH/MCHC
macrocytic hyperchromic
| RBCs are too big and color is too dark
51
T or F
| anemia indicates a decreased ability of oxygen carrying capacity
true
52
3 general causes of anemia
decreased RBC production
increased destruction
blood loss
53
4 causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia
iron deficiency anemia
anemia of chronic disease
thalassemia
chronic blood loss
54
___% of the time anemia of chronic disease results in normocytic anemia, ___% of the time it is microcytic
75
| 25
55
4 causes of macrocytic normochromic anemias
vitamin B12 deficiency
folic acid deficiency
alcoholism
liver disease
56
4 causes of normocytic normochromic anemia
anemia of chronic disease (ACD)
acute blood loss
hemolytic anemia (eg sickle cell)
aplastic anemia
57
____ is an essential component of hemoglobin, myoglobin and many enzymes
iron
58
how much of total iron is in the RBCs
2/3
59
iron is stored in what 2 forms
ferritin
| hemosiderin
60
iron is transported by _______
transferrin
61
T or F
| very little iron is lost in the body
true
| mostly by GI tract, menses and urine
62
most common cause of anemia worldwide
IDA
63
acute bleeding results in what type of anemia
normocytic normochromic
64
chronic bleeding results in what type of anemia
microcytic hypochromic
65
IDA is usually due to what
chronic blood loss
66
worldwide, the most important cause of IDA is ______
parasitic infections
67
in adults over 50, the most common cause of IDA is what
chronic GI bleeding from ulcers or cancer
68
in developed countries where parasitic infections are less common, the principal cause of IDA is _____
menses
69
iron is necessary for the formation of ____
heme
70
the average diet consists of 10-20mg of iron and only ___% of it is absorbed
10
71
________ is the most common cause of IDA
chronic blood loss
72
unusual cravings for specific foods or unusual substances
pica
73
pagophagia
pica for ice
74
T or F
| TIBC is an indirect measurement of the amount of transferring in the blood
true
75
TIBC in IDA is (high/low)
low
76
anemia of chronic disease aka
anemia of inflammation
77
with anemia of chronic disease red blood survival is (increased/decreased) and _______ fails to compensate
decreased
| bone marrow
78
anemia of chronic disease has a (high/normal/low) TIBC
low
79
if anemia of chronic disease is related to kidney disease then it is known as _______
ARD (anemia renal disease)
80
T or F
| thalassemia is a hereditary disorder
true
81
thalassemia is characterized by reduced synthesis of _______ of ______
globulin chains
| hemoglobin
82
thalassemia is what kind of anemia
microcytic hypochromic
83
two types of thalassemia
alpha
| beta
84
alpha thalassemia is primarily seen in people from what 2 places?
China
| southeast asia
85
beta thalassemia is primarily in people of what origin?
mediterranean
86
3 levels of thalassemia
minor- trait is present
intermedia
major- life threatening anemia and other changes
87
thalassemia major aka
cooley's anemia
| mediterranean
88
thalassemia major
| homozygous or heterozygous
homo
89
thalassemia major clinical problems
```
growth failure
bone deformities
marrow expansion
widened diploic space
hair on end appearance on skull
facial abnormalities
pathological fractures
hepatosplenomegaly
jaundice
gallstones
```
90
thalassemia minor
| homozygous or heterozygous
heterozygous
91
T or F
| thalassemia minor patients are clinically normal and require no treatment
true
92
which kind of thalassemia patients require regular transfusions
major
93
in thalassemia patients, iron parameters are (high/normal/low)
normal
94
TIBC in thalassemia is ______
normal
95
how is alpha and beta thalassemia differentiated?
hemoglobin electrophoresis
96
what are the 4 microcytic hypochromic anemias
IDA
thalassemia
ACD
chronic blood loss
97
TIBC
IDA
ACD
thalassemia
increased
decreased
normal
98
4 causes of macrocytic normochromic anemia
vitamin B deficiency
folic acid deficiency
alcoholism
liver disease
99
in macrocytic normochromic anemia MCV is (increased/normal/decreased)
increased
100
megaloblastic macrocytic normochromic anemia is likely due to deficiency of ______ or _____
folate (B9)
| cobalamin (B12)
101
______ is necessary to convert folic acid to its active form needed in the formation and function of RBC's
vitamin B12
102
in megaloblastic anemia, RBC's are abnormally _____, have a _____ life span and ______ oxygen carrying capacity
large
shortened
decreased
103
B12 requirements increase with _____ and _____
pregnancy
| malignancy
104
intrinsic factor is produced in the _____ of the stomach
gastric mucosa
105
anemia from B12 deficiency
pernicious anemia
106
________ is the most common cause of B12 deficiency/pernicious anemia
deficiency of intrinsic factor
107
intrinsic factor is needed to ________
absorb B12 in the small intestine
108
the second most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is ______
lack of gastric acid necessary to separate B12 from its binding proteins
109
the third most common cause of B12 deficiency is _____
malabsorption- due to diseases of the terminal ilium (worm infestation, inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption syndromes)
110
B12 deficiency signs and symptoms
```
lemon-yellow skin color
premature graying
weakness
sore tongue
GI symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain)
paresthesia
loss of vibratory sensation
irritability
emotional instability
neuropsychiatric disorders
```
111
raw beef tongue
B12 deficiency
112
1 out of 4 people with pernicious anemia develop ______
stomach cancer
113
folic acid deficiency is due to _____
decreased intake
114
folic acid requirements increased with (3)
pregnancy
infancy
malignancy
115
over time B12 deficiency cause ______
neurologic symptoms such as numbness, tingling, depression, memory loss and irritability
116
severe cases of folate deficiency may result in _____ and _____
depression
| dementia
117
4 normocytic normochromic anemias
ACD
acute blood loss
hemolytic anemia
aplastic anemia
118
severe life threatening syndrome that is from a decreased production of all cell lines
aplastic anemia
119
prognosis for aplastic anemia is ____
poor
120
anemia that is due to increased RBC destruction
hemolytic anemia
121
extravascular RBC breakdown occurs in the ______
RES (reticuloendothelial system)
122
intravascular RBC breakdown is ___
rare
123
________ is a serious chronic hemolytic anemia
sickle cell anemia
124
sickle cell anemia is first manifested when?
early childhood
125
average life expectancy for people with sickle cell anemia
males 42
| females 48
126
sickle cell anemia occurs almost exclusively in the ____ population
black
127
signs and symptoms of sickle cell
same as anemia as well as chest, abdominal and musculoskeletal pain
128
hand foot syndrome is seen with _____
sickle cell anemia
129
hair on end appearance is seen with what 2 anemias
thalassemia
| sickle cell
130
sickle cell affects approximately __% of African americans
10
131
acute bleeding results in a _____cytic _____chromic anemia
normo
| normo
132
chronic bleeding results in a ___cytic ____chromic anemia
micro
| hypo
133
increase in erythropoiesis
polycythemia
134
in polycythemia RBCs, Hgb and hematocrit are all (increased/normal/decreased)
increased
135
3 types of polycythemia
polycythemia vera- primary
absolute polycythemia- secondary
relative polycythemia
136
common s/s of polycythemia (6)
```
red face
high blood pressure
low exercise tolerance
joint pain
splenomegaly
itchiness, esp after a warm bath
```
137
polycythemia (rubra) vera is an absolute increase in ______
all cell types (RBC, WBC, platelets)
138
chronic myeloproliferative disorder with overproduction of erythrocytes
polycythemia
139
physiologic response to the need for more BC production due to an increased need for oxygen, pulmonary disorder or increase in erythropoietin
secondary polycythemia
140
secondary polycythemia is a normal adaptation to people who live where?
at high altitudes
141
secondary polycythemia generally occurs in people with what conditions
```
heart disease
lung disease
history of smoking
COPD
renal tumors
```
142
relative polycythemia is most often associated with ______
dehydration
143
primary polycythemia is really a malignancy of ____
bone marrow
144
polycythemia is the opposite of _____
anemia
145
relative polycythemia is due to a decrease in _____
plasma volume
146
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
147
____ is a measurement of the rate with which the RBCs settle in saline or plasma over a specific time period (one hour)
ESR
148
T or F
| ESR is sensitive byt it is non specific and not diagnostic of a particular organ
true
149
ESR can be used to monitor disease progress: as disease worsens ESR (increases/decreases)
increases
150
_______ is stacking of the RBCs similar to a stack of coins as they stack they drop more rapidly
rouleaux formation
151
ESR (increases/decreases) with age
increases
152
ESR formula must be corrected in _____ because there are fewer cells
anemia
153
sore throat causes (increased/decreased) ESR
increased
154
appendicitis causes (increased/decreased) ESR
increased
155
with angina pectoris where there is no tissue damage, ESR is (increased/normal/decreased)
normal
156
MI (tissue destruction) causes ESR to (increase/decrease)
increase
157
ESR parallels ____
c reactive protein
158
a non-specific, acute phase reactant used to diagnose bacterial infections, connective tissue disorders, neoplastic disease and inflammatory disorders
c reactive protein
159
____ is an abnormal protein produced in the liver in response to tissue destruction/inflammation
C reactive protein
160
CRP is (more/less) sensitive than ESR
more
161
CRP increases (faster/slower) disappears (faster/slower) than ESR during recovery
faster
| faster
162
RBC that vary in size frequently found in hemolytic anemia
anisocytes
163
increased numbers of reticulocytes seen in folate and B12 deficiency as well as in polycythemia
polychromasia
164
oval shape RBC, normally only small numbers are present, may be seen in IDA and megaloblastic anemia
ovalcyte
165
teardrop shaped RBC may be seen in ______
thalassemia
166
target cells are seen in (3)
thalassemia
ss
chronic liver
167
basophilic stippling is seen in ____
lead poisioning
168
stippling appearance is seen in (2)
thalassemia
| hemolytic anemia
169
young immature non-nucleated RBCs
reticulocytes
