CB2 Cells and Control Flashcards
Anaphase
The stage of mitosis in which the separated chromosomes move away from each other
Cytokinesis
When the cytoplasm of the cell is separated as the cell membrane is pinched to divide the cell into two daughter cells
Interphase
The stage where the cell prepares itself for the process of cell division by replicating its DNA
What’s replicated during interphase?
DNA and any sub-cellular structures (like mitochondria)
Metaphase
The stage of mitosis where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Mitosis
The process of cells dividing to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent
Prophase
The stage of mitosis in which the nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibers appear
Spindle fibre
Filament formed in a cell during mitosis, which helps to separate chromosomes
Telophase
The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell and the nucleus and membrane reforms
Name the three stages of the cell cycle
Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
Name the stages of mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
During which stage of mitosis do the spindle fibres form in the cell?
Prophase
During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
During which stage of mitosis are the chromosomes pulled apart?
Anaphase
During which stage of mitosis do the nuclei start to reform?
Telophase
How many chromosomes does a diploid human body cell contain?
46
Which human body cells are haploid?
Gametes - the egg cell and the sperm cell
How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell?
23
How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?
Two
What does it mean if a child is on the 95th percentile for weight?
95% of children that age will be the same weight or lower, and 5% will be heavier
What does it mean if a child is on the 75th percentile for height?
75% of children that age will be the same height or shorter, and 25% will be taller
What is the function of a root hair cell?
Absorbs water and minerals from the soil
Where might you find a root hair cell?
In the roots of a plant
Where might you find a Xylem cell?
Throughout a plant
What’s the function of a Xylem?
To transport water and minerals around the plant.
The flow is uni-directional (one way)
Where might you find a Phloem cell?
Throughout a plant
What’s the function of a Phloem?
They transport amino acids and sucrose around the plant.
The flow is bi-directional (two ways)
Where might you find a Palisade cell?
On the top of a leaf so it can absorb as much light as possible
What’s the function of a Palisade cell?
It’s where photosynthesis takes place
Describe the structure of a Root Hair cell
Doesn’t have chloroplasts because they’re not needed (cells are underground - no light).
Has a large surface area to increase absorption
Describe the structure of a Xylem cell
Doesn’t have cytoplasm, and has tough walls made of lignin
Describe the structure of Phloem cells
Between each cell is a perforated end-wall
They contain cytoplasm
Describe the structure of a Palisade cell
Packed with chloroplasts to increase photosynthesis
Arranged next to each other tightly to absorb more light
Name the part of a shoot root or tip where cell division occurs
Meristems
Name the process that results in cells becoming different to each other
Cell differentiation
Stem cell
An unspecialised cell that produces different types of specialised cell
In which parts of a plant can you find stem cells?
In the meristems
Name one animal tissue that contains stem cells
Eyes
What is the function of stem cells in a young organism?
Growth and Reproduction
What is the function of stem cells in a fully grown organism?
Repair and Replacement
How are Embryonic stem cells different to adult stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of specialised cell (are totipotent), but adult stem cells can’t.
How could treatment with stem cells cause cancer?
If the stem cells carry on and divide uncontrollably it could build to a tumour and cause cancer
Explain what it means if a patients immune system ‘rejects’ stem cells
Stem cell rejection is where a patient’s immune system recognises the stem cells as “external” or “not belonging” to the body, and starts to attack them.
