CB Quiz 4 Flashcards
What are the two processes referred to as respiration?
External respiration
Internal or cellular respiration
What is cellular respiration
Intracellular metabolic process that uses oxygen to produce ATP and CO2. It can also perform anaerobic respiration.
What are the 4 steps of respiration and indicate which are internal and which are external
- Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacks in the lungs (external)
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries (external)
- Transport of O2 and CO2 by the blood between the lungs and tissues
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells (Cellular respiration => internal)
What are the two main parts of the basic anatomy of the respiratory system?
Extra-thoracic and Intra-thoracic
What components of the respiratory system are located in the extra-thoracic portion?
Nasal passages
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
What components of the respiratory system are located in the intra-thoracic portion
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Does gas exchange use ATP? Why or Why not?
No ATP is used in gas exchange as gas exchange is driven by diffusion along the concentration gradient => Passive
What is ventilation driven by? how does air move in and out of lungs?
Mechanical forces where air is moved into and out of the lungs across pressure gradients
How are pressure and volume related at constant temperature?
They are inversely proportional
Where does a pressure differential exist in the respiratory system? How do they compare?
Between the lungs and pleural cavity.
Pleural pressure < Pulmonary pressure
Why is Pleural pressure < Pulmonary pressure?
Lungs are normally stretched and pull inwards => the decreased pleural pressure allows the lungs to remain stretched
When is the pressure equilibrium in lungs disrupted?
Inspiration and exhalation
How does the pressure change during inspiration and expiration?
The pressure difference between the pleural cavity and lungs remain the same. These values decrease during inspiration to allow for air to flow in and increase during expiration to force air out.
List the events that occur during inspiration
- Inspiratory muscles contract
- Diameter of thoracic cage increases
- Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative
- Transmural pressure increases and causes alveoli to swell or open
(Due to pleural pressure decreasing, air particles come from the environment into the alveoli increasing its pressure and causing it to swell)
- Intra-alveolar pressure falls relative to atmospheric pressure
- Air flows down pressure gradient from atmosphere to alveoli
- At the end of inspiration - No airflow and intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure
How does the diameter or volume of the thoracic cage change as a result of inspiration
Increases in diameter => increase in volume
What are the primary muscles involved in inspiration? Briefly state their involvement
Diaphragm: Flattens upon contraction
External intercostales: Lifts ribs upwards and outwards
Both of these motions expand the volume of the thoracic cavity allowing for more air to flow in
What are the accessory muscles involved in inspiration and briefly state their function
Scalenes: Raise first 2 ribs
Sternomastoid: Raise the Sternum
They are used during exercise and respiratory disease
What are some diseases that require the use of accessory muscle activity? State 2
Chronic bronchitis Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Emphysema Bronchiolitis
What are the airway muscles and what’re their overall function during inspiration?
Laryngeal
Pharyngeal
Genioglossus
They enlarge the airway reducing flow and resistance as well as maintaining stabilisation of the airways preventing collapse
What are the two types of expiration and describe each briefly
Passive expiration: Passive process and occurs when at rest. The relaxation of inspiratory muscles are sufficient for expiration.
Active expiration: Contraction of abdominal muscles which involve pushing up the diaphragm as well as internal intercostal muscles
What device is used to obtain a Spirogram
Spirometer
An increased RV (Residual volume) is an indication of?
Obstructive Disease
What are 3 signs of restrictive lung disease?
Decreased TV or total volume
FEV1 decreased
FEV1/FVC is normal or increased
RV normal
Decreased compliance in lungs
What are 3 signs of obstructive lung disease and give 3 examples
FEV 1 and FEV1/FVC reduced
Airflow rate reduces
Airway obstruction
Higher RV
Examples include; Asthma COPD Chronic bronchitis Emphysema