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STEP > Causes of tumors (genes, microbes, carcinogens) > Flashcards

Causes of tumors (genes, microbes, carcinogens) Flashcards

1
Q

ALK

A

Oncogene
Gene product: receptor tyrosine kinase
Associated neoplasm: Lung Adenocarcinoma

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2
Q

BCR-ABL

A

Oncogene
Gene product: Tyrosine kinase
Associated neoplasm: CML, ALL

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3
Q

BCL-2

A

Oncogene
Gene product: anti-apoptotic molecule
Associated neoplasm: Follicular lymphoma, Diffuse B cell Lymphoma

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4
Q

BRAF

A

Oncogene
Gene product: seronine/threonine kinase
Associated neoplasm: Melanoma, Non-hodgkin lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma

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5
Q

c-KIT

A

Oncogene
Gene product: cytokine receptor
Associated neoplasm: GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor)

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6
Q

c-MYC

A

Oncogene
Gene product: transcription factor
Associated neoplasm: burkitt lymphoma

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7
Q

HER2/neu

A

Oncogene
Gene product: receptor tyrosine kinase
Associated neoplasm: breast and gastric carcinoma

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8
Q

JAK2

A

Oncogene
Gene product: tyrosine kinase
Associated neoplasm: chronic myeloproliferative disorders

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9
Q

KRAS

A

Oncogene
Gene product: GTPase
Associated neoplasm: Colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

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10
Q

MYCL1

A

Oncogene
Gene product: transcription factor
Associated neoplasm: Lung cancer

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11
Q

N-myc (MYCN)

A

Oncogene
Gene product: transcription factor
Associated neoplasm: Neuroblastoma

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12
Q

RET

A

Oncogene
Gene product: receptor tyrosine kinase
Associated neoplasm: MEN2A, 2B, papillary thyroid carcinoma

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13
Q

APC

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: negative regulator of B-catenin/WNT pathway
Associated neoplasm: Colorectal cancer (Associated with FAP)

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14
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: DNA repair protein
Associated neoplasm: breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer

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15
Q

CDKN2A

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: p16, blocks G1–>S phase
Associated neoplasm: Melanoma, pancreatic cancer
(CDKN looks like SKIN)

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16
Q

DCC

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: DCC
Associated neoplasm: colon cancer
(Deleted in Colon Cancer)

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17
Q

SMAD4 (DPC4)

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: DPC
Associated neoplasm: pancreatic cancer
(Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer)

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18
Q

MEN1

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: menin
Associated neoplasm: multiple endocrine neoplasia 1

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19
Q

NF1

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: neurofibrinomin (Ras GTPase activating protein)
Associated neoplasm: neurofibromatosis 1

20
Q

NF2

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: merlin (schwannomin) protein
Associated neoplasm: Neurofibromatosis 2

21
Q

PTEN

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: Negatively regulates p13k/AKT pathway
Associated neoplasm: Breast, prostate, endometrial cancer

22
Q

Rb

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: Inhibits E2F - blocks G1–>S phase
Associated neoplasm: retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

23
Q

TP53

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: p53 - activates p21, blocks G1–>S phase
Associated neoplasm: most human cancers
Li-fraumeni syndrome (AKA SBLA) - sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland

24
Q

TSC1

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: Hamartin protein
Associated neoplasm:Tuberous sclerosis

25
Q

TSC2

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: Tuberin
Associated neoplasm: Tuberous Sclerosis

26
Q

VHL

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: Inhibits HIF1 (hypoxia inducible factor 1)
Associated neoplasm: von hippel-lindau disease

27
Q

WT1

A

Tumor suppressor
Gene product: Transcription factor that regulates urogenital development
Associated neoplasm: Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

28
Q

Oncogenic Microbes: EBV

A

Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, primary CNS lymphoma (immunocompromised patient)

29
Q

Oncogenic Microbes: HBV, HCV

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

30
Q

Oncogenic Microbes: HHV-8

A

Karposia sarcoma

31
Q

Oncogenic Microbes: HPV

A

Cervical, penile, and anal carcinoma (type 16 and 18)

Head and neck cancer

32
Q

Oncogenic Microbes: H pylori

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma

33
Q

Oncogenic Microbes: HTLV-1

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

34
Q

Oncogenic Microbes: Liver fluke (clonorchis sinensis)

A

Cholangiocarinoma

35
Q

Oncogenic Microbes: Schistosoma Haematobium

A

Bladder cancer (squamous cell)

36
Q

Carcinogens: Alfatoxins

A

Exposure: grains and nuts
Organ affected: liver
Impact: Hepatocellular carcinoma

37
Q

Carcinogens: Alkylating agents

A

Exposure: chemotherapy
Organ effected: blood
Impact: leukemia, lymhoma

38
Q

Carcinogens: aromatic amines (benzidine, 2-naphthylamine)

A

Exposure: textile industry (dyes), cigarette smoke (2-naphthylamine)
Organ effected: bladder
Impact: transitional cell carcinoma

39
Q

Carcinogens: Arsenic

A 
Exposure: herbicides (vineyard workers), metal smelting
Impact
Liver --> angiosarcoma
Lung --> Lung cancer
Skin --> Squamous cell carcinoma
40
Q

Carcinogens: Asbestos

A

Exposure: old roofing material, shipyards
Organ effected: lung
Impact: bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma

41
Q

Carcinogens: Cigarette Smoke

A 
Bladder--> transitional cell carcinoma
Cervix --> SCC
Esophagus --> SCC, adenocarcinoma
Kidney --> RCC
Larynx--> SCC
Lung --> SCC, SCLC
Pancreas --> pancreatic adenocarcinoma
42
Q

Carcinogens: Ethanol

A

Esophagus–> SCC

Liver –> HCC

43
Q

Carcinogens: ionizing radiation

A

Thyroid –> papillary thyroid carcinoma

44
Q

Carcinogens: Nitrosamines

A

Exposure: Smoked foods
Organ effected: stomach
Impact: gastric adenocarcinoma (intestinal type)

45
Q

Carcinogens: radon

A

Exposure: byproduct of uranium decay, accumulates in basements
Organ effected: lung
Impact: second leading cause of lung cancer

46
Q

Carcinogens: vinyl chloride

A

Exposure: used to make PVC pipes (plumbers)
Organ effected: liver
Impact: angiosarcoma

STEP (6 decks)

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