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Patho test #1 > Causes of disease #1 > Flashcards

Causes of disease #1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does bacteria cause disease?

A

Bacteria cause disease by releasing toxins. The toxins act as poisons and bind to receptors on the cells, causing them to stop working properly.

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2
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Viruses cause disease by entering organisms (cells) in order to replicate as they are unable to replicate on their own. When viruses invade cells they kill off the healthy cell.

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3
Q

what is the physiological (appropriate) immune and inflammatory response to infection?

A

When the body detects infection, it triggers an immune and inflammatory response. White blood cells go to the infected area, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain. This response helps to destroy the microbes, remove damaged cells, and start the healing process

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4
Q

What are the 3 (4) kinds of pathological immune reactions?

A

1- Over react
2- Self attack
3- Impact/ Impaction
4- Self attack again

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5
Q

What is Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation happens quicly when the body is hurt or infected (like a sprained ankle or virus). Its job is to clean up the damage and start healing. Accute inflammation is a short term response.

Chronic infalmmation happens when the same area is hurt over and over again. The immune system keeps trying to fix the area by sending white blood cells, but this repeated response ends up damaging healthy tissue too. Chronic inflammation is a long term problem.

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6
Q

Bacteria often cause disease by releasing ________________ that kill or change our cells.

A

Toxins

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7
Q

Which of these terms is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction that causes an entire body immune and inflammatory response?

1- Antibody

2- Allergy

3- Urticaria

4- Anaphylaxis

A

4- Anaphylaxis

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8
Q

List two (2) ways that viruses cause damage our bodies.

A

1- The Virus enters the healthy cell, it uses the healthy cell to make thousands and thousands of new viruses within it. Eventually, the cell will fill up causing our healthy cell to blow up releasing new viruses around the body.

2- The virus inserts its DNA into the middle of the healthy cell’s DNA. This causes out healthy cells to be changed creating a mutation.

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9
Q

Which of these substances replaces other tissue when they are remodelled by chronic inflammation?

1- Collagen

2- Fibrin

3- Plasminogen

4- Plaque

A

1- Collagen

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10
Q

Which of the following diseases is caused by the immune system attacking our own cells?

1- Bronchitis

2- Type 1 Diabetes

3- Stomach ulcers

4- Stroke

A

2- Type 1 Diabetes

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11
Q

Name the pathology that is causing Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the Bronchi

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12
Q

Name the pathology that is causing Carditis

A

Inflammation of the Heart

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13
Q

Name the pathology that is causing Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

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14
Q

ischemia is….

1- Reduction of blood flow

2- Decrease in oxygen level

3- Increase in acid level

4- Area of dead cells within a tissue

A

1- Reduction of blood flow

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15
Q

Hypoxia is ….

1- Reduction of blood flow

2- Decrease in oxygen level

3- Increase in acid level

4- Area of dead cells within a tissue

A

2- Decrease in oxygen level

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16
Q

Acidosis is ….

1- Reduction of blood flow

2- Decrease in oxygen level

3- Increase in acid level

4- Area of dead cells within a tissue

A

3- Increase in acid level

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17
Q

Necrosis is ….

1- Decrease in oxygen level

2- Reduction of blood flow

3- Area of dead cells within a tissue

4- Increase in acid level

A

3- Area of dead cells within a tissue

18
Q

Why is prednisone given?

1- suppresses immune response

2- Blocks histamine from causing changes in other cells

3- Stimulates effects of the sympathetic nervous system (eg. dialate airways)

A

1- suppresses immune response

19
Q

Why is Cetrizine given?

1- suppresses immune response

2- Blocks histamine from causing changes in other cells

3- Stimulates effects of the sympathetic nervous system (eg. dialate airways)

A

2- Blocks histamine from causing changes in other cells

20
Q

Why is Epinephrine given?

A

3- Stimulates effects of the sympathetic nervous system (eg. dialate airways)

21
Q

What are microorganisms that cause disease called?

22
Q

what are the three types of organisms?

A

1- Eukaryote

2- Prokaryote

3- Acellular

23
Q

Out of the three types of organisms, which type is bacteria classified as?

A

1- Prokaryote

24
Q

What are B cells

A

B cells make antibodies

25
What are T cells
T cells target the infected cells
26
What is Localized infection
infection in a contained place
27
What is Systemic infection
Infection within the whole body
28
What happens in the 'Over react' immune response?
Antibodies (specifically IGE antibodies) will recognise an allergen (or antigen). This will trigger the eosinophil cells (type of white blood cell or leukocyte) to overreact. eosinophil cells create histamine and histamine will be released. This will cause an allergic reaction or allergy response.
29
what is a hypersensitivity
An overreaction or harmful reaction of a person's immune system (aka an intolerance)
30
What is the 'self attack' immune response?
Sometimes the immune system attacks the bodys own cells. this can happen after a virus changes how our cells look, making them seem foreign. The bodu then makes antibodies that damage its own tissues.
31
Words ending in itis mean?
Inflammation
32
Describe the pathological changes associated with chronic inflammation
White blood cells will continue to release strong chemicals (from lysosomes) to break down damaged cells in the injured area. These chemicals can leak out and start breaking down healthy tissue too. Because the injury keeps happening, the area staus inflamed, red, swollen, warm and painful. To stop the damage the body tries to protect the area by replacing soft tissue with hard, tough collagen (Fibrosis process). This tissue doesnt work like the original, so organs may be affected. The normal tissue gets replaces with this new, stiff tissue. over time, this process (called remodeling) can cause hardening in places where flexibility is needed.
33
Describe how ischemia and hypoxia cause disease
Ischemia means that there is not enough blood flow to a part of the body. This is a problem because blood carried oxygen and glucose, which cells need to stay alive. Without enough blood, cells dont get what they need and begin to dysfunction or die. Hypoxia means there is not enough oxygen in the tissues. without the proper amount of oxygen, cells cant make enough energy. both of these can lead to cell death, and disease
34
Describe two methods of how the body creates acidosis and the effects they cause on the body
Lactic acidosis (from hypoxia)- when the body doesnt get enough oxygen, it switches to anaerobic respuration to make energy. This process creates lactic acid as a by product. too much lactic acid lwads to acidosis, which can damage cells, cause inflammation and lead to cell death if not corrected Ketoacidosis (from lack of glucose)- if the body doesnt have enough glucose for energy, it starts breaking down fats. This creates ketones, which arew acidic. when too many ketones are made, the blood becomes too acidic, leading to ketaacidosis. This can affect the brain and nervous system, causing confusion, poor coordination and even unconsciousness.
35
What happens in the 'Impact' immune response?
Antigens are detected in the body, antibodies will then attach to antigens to keep them from entering and attacking our cells. Sometimes these clumbs of antigen-antibodies complexes get stuck in the tiny blood vessels and cant be cleaned up. This causes inflammation which can damage nearby tissues.
36
What are two important factors to remember when giving epinephrine?
-Intramuscular injection only -monitor blood pressure and heart rate after administering
37
What is the patho of how antihistamines work?
To block the histamine reseptors
38
What is an adverse effect of antihistamine
drowsiness/sedation
39
what is the patho of how epinephrine works?
Sympathetic nervous system chemical causes bronchodilation and vasoconstriction
40
what are the adverse effects of epinephrine?
Tachycardia, hypertension, tremor
41
What is the patho of prednisone?
Reduces inflammation by inhibbiting white blood cells development and migration
42
what are the adverse effects of prednisone?
Increased blood sugar, increased infection risk, hypertension, osteoporosis, weight gain, psychotic/manic changes

Patho test #1 (13 decks)

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