Causes of Crime

Question 1

TRUE/FALSE

The most influenced discipline to criminology was psychology.

Answer 1

FALSE

The most influenced discipline to criminology was sociology.

Question 2

Most theories can be organized into what four different categories?

Answer 2

Classical
Biological
Psychological
Sociological

Question 3

Theories of the classical school of crime
causation dominated criminological thought for
much of the late 18th and early 19th centuries

What were the members of The Classical School of thought concerned with?

Answer 3

Protecting the rights of humankind from the corruption and excesses of the existing legal institutions.

Question 4

What is the name of Cesare Beccaria’s published essays?

Answer 4

On Crimes and Punishment

Question 5

What was Cesare Beccaria’s view on punishment?

Answer 5

Punishment should be enough to deter criminal behavior, never excessive.

Question 6

TRUE/FALSE

Cesare Beccaria was in favor of the death penalty and physical punishment.

Answer 6

FALSE

Cesare Beccaria wanted the death penalty and physical punishment terminated.

Question 7

Who devised the “Hedonistic Calculus”?

Answer 7

Jeremy Bentham

Question 8

TRUE/FALSE

Jeremy Bentham’s “Hedonistic Calculus” theory, exercise of free will would cause an individual to avoid committing a crime when the punishment outweighed the benefits of committing it.

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

Who were the theorists that are associated with Rational Choice Theory?

Answer 9

Cornish and Clark

Question 10

According to Rational Choice Theory, what is assumed that many people consider before committing a crime?

Answer 10

Risks and rewards

Question 11

Who was considered as the Founder of American Psychiatry?

He was the first to make the connection between crime and what?

Answer 11

Benjamin Rush

Moral insanity

Question 12

The insanity-crime connection was formalized in a legal procedure called what? This is also associated with the insanity plea.

Answer 12

M’Naghten Rule

Question 13

What philosophy was an explicit rejection of the critical and “negative” philosophy of the
Enlightenment thinkers?

Answer 13

Positivism

Question 14

TRUE/FALSE

Positivists believe that society is based on conflict, although not on a social contact.

Answer 14

FALSE

Positivists believe that society is based on consensus, although not on a social contract.

Question 15

Who were the first to empirically study the
relationship between various economic
conditions and crime?

Answer 15

André-Michel Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet

Question 16

TRUE/FALSE

Positivism assumed that human behavior is
determined and not a matter of free will.

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

A fundamental assumption of “The Biological School” is basic determinants of human behavior are not genetically passed.

Answer 17

FALSE

A fundamental assumption of “The Biological School” is basic determinants of human behavior ARE genetically passed.

Question 18

Phrenology was whose approach to predicting human behavior?

Answer 18

Franz Joseph Gall

Question 19

TRUE/FALSE

Gall’s work in cranioscopy sums up that personality can be revealed by the study of the skull.

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

Cesare Lombroso was known for explaining “Atavism”. What does “Atavism” imply?

Answer 20

Atavism implies that certain people were born criminals.

Question 21

Who studied 200 juvenile delinquents in
Boston and concluded that the young men
possessed one of three body types?

What were those body types called?

What are the three body types?

Answer 21

William Sheldon

Somatotypes

Mesomorphs
Endomorphs
Ectomorphs

Question 22

TRUE/FALSE

Sheldon wrote that each somatotype was
possessed of a characteristic personality

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

What was the eugenics movement?

Answer 23

sterilization; chemical castration for those who had undesirable traits

Question 24

TRUE/FALSE

Behavior is the main motivational element of crime in The Psychological School.

Answer 24

FALSE

Personality is the main motivational element of crime in The Psychological School.

Question 25

The Psychological School views offensive and deviant behavior as a product of what?

Answer 25

A dysfunctional personality.

Question 26

Who came up with the theory of Behavioral Conditioning?

Answer 26

Ivan Pavlov

Question 27

Behavioral conditioning holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through what?

Answer 27

Reward and punishment

Question 28

Freudian theory posits the existence of what 3 things within the personality? Describe each.

Answer 28

Id: the source of the drives (i.e., sex) Ego: the rational mental entity (derives paths which the desires of the id can be fulfilled) Superego: the guiding principle (judges the quality of alternatives)

Question 29

TRUE/FALSE Chemical castration is illegal is all states today.

Answer 29

FALSE Chemical castration is legal is some states today.

Question 30

Emile Durkheim argues that the division in labor and a weakened collective conscience creates what? This is the dissociation of the individual from the collective conscience.

Answer 30

Anomie

Question 31

TRUE/FALSE According to Durkheim, lack of regulation can be bound by anomie.

Answer 31

FALSE According to Durkheim, lack of regulation can NOT be bound by anomie.

Question 32

What is lack of integration according to Durkheim?

Answer 32

Lack of integration doesn't take others into account, becomes selfish, doesn't care about others well being and can't regulate desires.

Question 33

Who are the holders of Social Disorganization Theory?

Answer 33

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

Question 34

What is the Transitional Zone according to the Social Disorganization Theory?

Answer 34

An area with residential instability and is culturally diverse. More crime happens in this area which makes people want to move out into better neighborhoods.

Question 35

Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson's | Routine Activities Theory, why are lifestyles that contribute to criminal opportunities likely to result in crime?

Answer 35

Because they increase the risk of potential victimization.

Question 36

According to Cohen and Felson's Routine Activities Theory, crime is likely to occur when there are the what three factors?

Answer 36

A suitable target. A motivated offender Lack of a capable guardian.

Question 37

According to Robert Merton's Anomie Theory, anomie is used to describe what?

Answer 37

Disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in American society.

Question 38

TRUE/FALSE According to Robert Merton's Anomie Theory, opportunities are distributed equally throughout society.

Answer 38

FALSE According to Robert Merton's Anomie Theory, opportunities are NOT distributed equally throughout society.

Question 39

According to Robert Merton's Anomie Theory, most people turn to conformity to adapt to what?

Answer 39

Anomie strain

Question 40

Who created the General Strain Theory (GST)?

Answer 40

Robert Agnew

Question 41

TRUE/FALSE According to the General Strain Theory, people may not be as goal directed or as conscious of their goals

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

What theory argues that higher crime rates in the US are the result of the American Dream? What two people were responsible for this theory?

Answer 42

Institutional Anomie Theory Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld

Question 43

What theory says that people learn how to behave by modeling themselves after others whom they have the opportunity to observe? What two people were responsible for this theory?

Answer 43

Social Learning Theory Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers

Question 44

Who was responsible for Differential Association Theory?

Answer 44

Edwin Southerland

Question 45

According to the Differential Association Theory, what is crime a natural consequence of?

Answer 45

Interaction with criminal lifestyle.

Question 46

According to the Differential Association Theory, what happened to children raised in crime-prone environments?

Answer 46

They were isolated and unable to experience the values led to conformity.

Question 47

TRUE/FALSE According to Durkheim, crime is not normal, but there will always be crime and crime is a function of social order.

Answer 47

FALSE According to Durkheim, crime IS normal, AND there will always be crime and crime is a function of social order.

Question 48

What term encompasses the rejection of middle-class values by status seeking lower-class youths who find they are not permitted access to approved opportunities for success? Who was responsible for this?

Answer 48

Reaction Formation Albert Cohen

Question 49

TRUE/FALSE Subculture of violence suggests that violence is a traditional and often accepted method of dispute resolution.

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

What does Containment Theory assume? What are the two types of containment?

Answer 50

That all of us are subject to inducements of crime. 1. Outer 2. Inner

Question 51

Who was responsible for Containment Theory?

Answer 51

Walter Reckless

Question 52

Travis Hirschi's Social Control Theory identified 4 four components of a bond. What are they and which is the most important?

Answer 52

Emotional attachments to significant others Commitment to appropriate lifestyles Involvement in conventional values Belief in the correctness of social obligations and the rules of conventional society. Emotional attachments are the most important of the 4.

Question 53

What does The Labeling Theory see continued crime as?

Answer 53

The Labeling Theory sees continued crime as a consequence of the limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders.