causes lab 1-7 Flashcards
causes of metabolic acidosis
- HCO3 loss: diarrea, ileus, kidney disturbance
- increased acid intake: acidic silage, acidifying drugs
- increased acid production: more lactic acid due to anaerobe GL, anorectic animal
- grain overdose in cattle: vfa overproductionincreased
- ketogenesis, ketosis: due to diabetes mellitus or starvation
- decreased acid excretion: renal failiure
- ion exchange: hyperkalemia, H/K pump
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causes of metabolic alkalosis
- increased alkaline intake: bicarbonates, rotten food
- increased ruminal alkaline production: high protein, low carb diet
- decreased hepatic ammonia catabolism: liver failiure
- increased acid loss: vomit, gastrc dialation volvulus syndrome
- ion exchange: hypokalemia: henle loop diuretics
causes of respiratory acidocis
- upper airway obstruction
- pleural cavity disease: pneumothorax, pleural effusion
- pulmonary disease: pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, lung metastasis, pulmonary thromboembolism
- depression of central control of respiration: drugs, toxin, brain stem disease
- neuromuscular depression of resp muscles
- muscle weakness: hypokalemia
- cardiopulmonary arrest
causes of respiratory alkalosis
- increased loss of CO2: hyperventilation
- forced ventilation
- epileptiform seizures
- interstitial lung disease
- fever, hyperthermia
- excitation
causes of hypoventilation
- upper airway obstruction
- pleural effusion
- depression of central control of respiration: drug, disorder, eg anasthesia
- neuromuscular disease, affecting respiratory muscles
- hypokalema muscle weakness
- overcomppensating from metabolic alkalosis
causes of hyperventilation
- forced ventilation during anasthesia
- seizures, epilepsy
- excitation: mild or extreme, shock after accident
- compensation of severe metabolic acidocis
major causes of thrombocytopenia
- decreased production of thrombocytes in bone marrow : chemotherapy, pilycyt absoluta vera
- increased utilisation of thrombocytes: DIC
- increased destruction of thrombocytes: autoimmune thrombocytopenia
- increased sequestration of thrombocytes: splenomegaly
- increased loss of thrombocytes: subacute bleeding
major causes of thrombocytopathies
- improper development of platelets: hereditary glucoprotein deficiency
- von willerbrand disease
- uremia, liver failure
- myeloproliferative, lymphoproliferative
- nsaid treatment: aspirin
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this card as made by my cat
causes of decreased albumin concentration
- decrreased intake of protein
- decreased absorption
- decreased synthesis: liver failiure, acute inflammation
- increased utilisation: pregnancy and excercise make small changes, chronic inflammation
- increased loss
- protein loosing nephropathy, protein loosing enteropathy
- skin, burns
- blood loss
- sequestration to body cavities
- hyperhydration
causes of increased albumin concentration
dehydration
cause for decreased albumin/globulin ratio
- increased globulin concentration: inflammation
- decrease of albumin concentration
causes of increased globulin
- monoclonal gammopathy
- polyclonal gammopathy
causes for polyclonal gammopathy
- chronic inflammations
- liver disease
- FIP
- heart worm
- erlichiosis
- lymphoma
causes for monoclonal gammopathy
- neoplastic disorders
- multiple myeloma
- lymphoma
- lympholytic leukemia
- extramedullary plasmacytosis
- macroglobulinaemia
- non-neoplastic
- heart worm
- erlichia canis
- FIPV
causes for hypoglobulinaemia
- decreased intake of globulins
- neonates before drinking colostrum
- absorption disorders
- decreased synthesis of globulins
- aquired or inherited immunodeficiency
- liver function impairment
- increased loss: PLE,PLN, skin, bleeding
causes for increased fibrinogen concentration
- acute inflammation
- dehydration
causes of decreased fibrinogen concentration
- liver function impairment
- advanced protein deficiency
- dic
- sequestration after bleeding into body cavities
- chronic bleeding
- blood loss
- inherited afibrinogenaemia
causes for transient increased glucose level
- lab errors: lipaemia, icterus, hemolysis
- stress: especially in cats, acute
- food intake in dog and human
- xylazin effect - anasthesia
- glucagon flush caused by head trauma, rabies or aujezkys
- after or during glucose fluid therapy
causes for constant hyperglycemia
- diabetes mellitus
- hyperadrenocorticoidism: cushings
- glucocorticostreoid treatment
- progesterone effect: iatrogen or endogenous
- enterotoxaemia in sheep
causes for decreased glucose concentation
- lab error: storage transport
- decreased energy status
- ketosis in ruminants
- groing pigs, baby pig disease, small breed puppies
- starvation, exercise
- insulin overdose: beta blocker medication
- insulinoma: tumor in pancreas
- anabolic steroid effect
- liver failiure end stage
- hypoadrenocorticoidism - addisons
- septicaemia
- hyperthyroidism
- praneoplastic syndrome
- pregnancy
- xylitol poisoning
causes of appearance of ketone bodies
- energy deficiency in liver cells
- decreased carb intake
- decreased insulin production
- diabetes ketoacidosis
causes of increased urea concentration
energy deficiency in ruminants
causes of hyperlipidaemia
- increased fat content in feed
- diabetes mellitus: decresed ffa influx to cell
- hypothyroidism
- hyperadrenocorticoidism, glucocorticosteroid treatment
- nephrotic syndrome
- septicaemia
- pancreatitis
- hyperlipidaemia
- hyperlipidaemia in pony
causes of decreased lipid content
- starvation long term
- liver failiure
- malabsorption or digestion: epi
causes of hypocholesterolaemia
- malnutrition
- liver failiure
- neoplastic disease
- hyperthyreosis
- decreased apolipiprotein synthesis
causes of hypercholesterolaemia
- increased dietary fat
- hypothyroidism
- hyperadrenocorticoidism
- dm
- nephrotic syndrome
- cholestatic disease: leakage from liver due to bile duct obstruction
- idiopathic: primary dyslipidosis
cause of false or physiological increased pvc/ polycytaemia
- false: long storage of sample with edta
- physiological: also count as absolute polycytaemias
- congenital: lama, yak, greyhound, whippet, hot blooded horses
- age: new borns
- physiological long term hypoxia: living in high altitude, training
causes of relative polycytaemia
decreased plasma volume: dehydration, vomit diarrea
causes of absolute polycytaemia
- increased rbc production
- primary: without increased erythropoietin
- polycytaemia absoluta vera
- secondary: increased erythropoietin
- true: long term hypoxia, physiological or chronic respiratory disorder
- not true: no hypoxia, autoimmune increase of epo
- primary: without increased erythropoietin
causes of hypervolemic polycytaemia
lifethreatening acute stress or physical exercise
causes of false and physiological oligocytaemia
- false: microcytosis, inapropriate sampling
- physiological: increased plasma volume in third trimester
causes of relative oligocytaemia
- pathological increase in plasma volume
- hyperhydration
- terminal phase of chronic kidney insufficiency
causes of absolute oligocytaemia
- hours after acute bleeding: replacement of plasma is quicker than rbc
- decreased rbc production:
- suppression of bonemarrow: heavy metal poisoning, viral infection
- lack of nutrients: iron, copper, b6, b12, folic acid
- decreased rbc lifespan: immune mediated haemolytic anemia
- sequestration of rbc in spleen: hypersplenismus
causes of hypernatremia
- increased water loss
- decreased water intake
- increased na retntion in kidneys
- primary and secondary hyperaldosterism
- od on hypertonic salt solution, increased salt intake
causes of hyponatremia
- excessive flui intake, water poisoning
- retention of water, cariac, renal, hepatic insufficiency
- enhanced na loss: hypoadrenocorticoidism, sweat, diarrea
- water outflux from ic to ec: hyperosmolality
causes of hypokalemia
- decreased intake
- long term polyuria
- loop diuretic drugs
- enteral potassium loss
- primary or secondary hyperaldosteroidism
- alkalosis
- innsulin
causes of hyperkalemia
- increased per os intake
- od on potassium fluids
- acute kidney failiure
- rupture of urinary bladder
- hypoaldosteriodism
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causes of hyperchloraemia
- excessive per os intake
- iv overdose of fluid therapy
- decreased excretion
- hyperaldostreonism
- hypernatremia
causes of decreased chloride
- abomasal displacement
- vomiting, diarrea
- sweating horse
- hyponatremia
causes of hypocalcaemia
- insufficient intake or absorption: vit D deficiency
- hypofunction of parathyroid gland: mg def
- surgical thyrectomy
- lactating animals: loss through milk
causes of hypercalcaemia
- excessive calcium or vit D intake
- hyper A vitaminosis
- hyperfunction of parathyroid
- some inflammatory, neoplastic or paraneoplastic
causes of hypomagnesaemia
- decreased intake
- grass tetany
- increased loss in lactatibg animals
- absorption disturbance
- increased renal or enteral excretion
causes of hypermagnesaemia
- increased intake
- increased absorption
- overdose on mg containing fluids
- decreased excretion
- dehydration
increased Pi concentration
- increased intake: meat or grain feed
- increased absorption: vit D effect
- decreased kidney function: less excreted
- hyperthyroidism decrese PTH excretion, this decrease Pi excretion
- mobilization from bones: osteolysis
decreased Pi concentration
- low intake
- decreased absorption: EPI, intestinal inflammation, vit D def
- high utilization: quick growth, pregnancy, egg formation
- liver dysfunction
- primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism enhance Pi excretion
causes for increased O2 binding capacity of Hgb
- decreased 2,3 DPG level in rbc
- decreased pCO2 level in blood: resp alkalosis
- decreased temperature of blood
- increased blood pH: metabolic or respiratory alkalosis
causes for decreased O2 binding capacity of Hgb
- increased 2,3DPG in rbc
- increased pCO2 in blood: respiratory acidosis
- increased temperature
- decreased pH: acidosis
causes of increased hemoglobin concentration
- relative dehydration
- absolute polyctaemia
- LAMA!
- erythroleukemia
causes of decreased hemoglobin concentration
- relative hyperhydration
- absolute oligocytaemia
- young pigs have lower hgb concentration
causes of microcytosis
- chronic blood loss: fe loss
- iron, copper, pyridoxine deficiency
- portosystemic shunt
causes of macrocytosis
- polycytaemia absoluta vera: erythrtoleukemia
- vit B12, cobalt, folic acid deficiency: slow down maturation of rbc
- erythroleukemias: erythroblast leukemia, cancerous cells are young and large
- regenerative anemia
causes of mchc - hypochromasia
- new born animal
- regenerative anemia
- iron deficiency anemia
causes of mchc - hyperchromasia
- erythroleukemia: polycytaemia absoluta vera
- vit b12, cobalt, folic acid def??????
- sholudnt this be for hypochromasia?
- immunehemolytic anemia: spherocytosis
- lead poisoning
- splenectomy
causes of low serum iron concentration
- chronic blood loss
- decreased intake: piglet, calves
- impaired gastric, duodenal, jejunal function
- reduction, transport, absorption
causes of high serum iron concentration
iron toxicicosis
causes of low total iron binding capaity
- chronic inflammation: negative app
- chronic liver failiure: decreased transferrin synth in liver
- neoplastic disease
causes of high total iron binding capacity
- iron deficiency anemia
- not severe: normal fe level + high tibc
- severe: low iron + high tibc
causes for abnormal ruminal odor
- urea poisoning: ammonia smell
- protein putrefaction: moldy rotting
- excess lactic acid/grain overfeeding: acidic or sour smell
causes of abnormal color of ruminal fluid
- lactic acidosis: milky grey color
- ruminal stasis/ decomposition: dark green or brown
- calves with abomasal reflux: grey with clots of milk
causes of abnormal consistancy of ruminal fluid
- saliva contamination: increased viscosity
- inactive protozoa, bacteria: low viscosity, watery with few feed particles
- frothy bloat/ vagus indigestion: excess froth, stable bubbles
causes for abnormal results in sedimentation/flotation test
- very active fluid: flotation of fine particles
- inactive fluid: rapid sedimentation, little/no flotation
- rumen acidosis, prolonged anorexia
- stable froth: frothy bloat or vgus indigestion
- no sedimentation or flotation
causes of elevated ruminal pH
- simple indigestion
- reduced feed intake for more than 2 days
- urea indigestion
- putrefaction of ruminal content, prolonged rumen stasis
- saliva contamination
- hay or green feed slightly elevate pH
causes of lowered pH of rumen
- grain overfeeding
- chronic ruminal acidosis
- an animal with lactic acidosis may have normal pH if anorexia is prolonged
causes of abnormal nitrite reduction test results
- rapid:
- green fodder
- ruminal decomposition
- slow
- inapetite
- feeding with a deficient feed ration
causes of slower methylene blue reduction test
- inadequate bacterial population
- rumen acidosis
- indigestible feed
causes of increased ammonia concentration in rumen
- high dietary protein
- energy deficiency
- liver disorders
- after calving: liver function is reduced
causes of elevated levels of ruminal chloride
- high salt intake
- abomasal displacement
- obstruction of intestinal flow: ileus, pyloric stenosis
- abomasal disorders: inflammation, ulcer, hyperactivity
causes of the disapperance of fungi from rumen
- acidosis
- putrefaction
causes of reduced motility of rumen protozoa
- acidisis
- alkalosis
- rapidly induced environmental changes
- chronic processes
causes of change in bacterial culture of rumen
- less bacteria when fed with high celluloce feed
- lactic acidosis: predominant gram positive population
- fiber rich diet: gram negatives
- starch rich diet: gram positive
- ruminal putrefaction: proteus, clostridium and pseudomanas in high concentration
