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Lab D midterm 1 > causes lab 1-7 > Flashcards

causes lab 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A
  • HCO3 loss: diarrea, ileus, kidney disturbance
  • increased acid intake: acidic silage, acidifying drugs
  • increased acid production: more lactic acid due to anaerobe GL, anorectic animal
  • grain overdose in cattle: vfa overproductionincreased
  • ketogenesis, ketosis: due to diabetes mellitus or starvation
  • decreased acid excretion: renal failiure
  • ion exchange: hyperkalemia, H/K pump
    *
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2
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A
  • increased alkaline intake: bicarbonates, rotten food
  • increased ruminal alkaline production: high protein, low carb diet
  • decreased hepatic ammonia catabolism: liver failiure
  • increased acid loss: vomit, gastrc dialation volvulus syndrome
  • ion exchange: hypokalemia: henle loop diuretics
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3
Q

causes of respiratory acidocis

A
  • upper airway obstruction
  • pleural cavity disease: pneumothorax, pleural effusion
  • pulmonary disease: pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, lung metastasis, pulmonary thromboembolism
  • depression of central control of respiration: drugs, toxin, brain stem disease
  • neuromuscular depression of resp muscles
  • muscle weakness: hypokalemia
  • cardiopulmonary arrest
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4
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A
  • increased loss of CO2: hyperventilation
    • forced ventilation
    • epileptiform seizures
    • interstitial lung disease
    • fever, hyperthermia
    • excitation
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5
Q

causes of hypoventilation

A
  • upper airway obstruction
  • pleural effusion
  • depression of central control of respiration: drug, disorder, eg anasthesia
  • neuromuscular disease, affecting respiratory muscles
  • hypokalema muscle weakness
  • overcomppensating from metabolic alkalosis
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6
Q

causes of hyperventilation

A
  • forced ventilation during anasthesia
  • seizures, epilepsy
  • excitation: mild or extreme, shock after accident
  • compensation of severe metabolic acidocis
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7
Q

major causes of thrombocytopenia

A
  • decreased production of thrombocytes in bone marrow : chemotherapy, pilycyt absoluta vera
  • increased utilisation of thrombocytes: DIC
  • increased destruction of thrombocytes: autoimmune thrombocytopenia
  • increased sequestration of thrombocytes: splenomegaly
  • increased loss of thrombocytes: subacute bleeding
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8
Q

major causes of thrombocytopathies

A
  • improper development of platelets: hereditary glucoprotein deficiency
  • von willerbrand disease
  • uremia, liver failure
  • myeloproliferative, lymphoproliferative
  • nsaid treatment: aspirin
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9
Q

iooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo,.

A

this card as made by my cat

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10
Q

causes of decreased albumin concentration

A
  • decrreased intake of protein
  • decreased absorption
  • decreased synthesis: liver failiure, acute inflammation
  • increased utilisation: pregnancy and excercise make small changes, chronic inflammation
  • increased loss
    • protein loosing nephropathy, protein loosing enteropathy
    • skin, burns
    • blood loss
    • sequestration to body cavities
  • hyperhydration
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11
Q

causes of increased albumin concentration

A

dehydration

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12
Q

cause for decreased albumin/globulin ratio

A
  • increased globulin concentration: inflammation
  • decrease of albumin concentration
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13
Q

causes of increased globulin

A
  • monoclonal gammopathy
  • polyclonal gammopathy
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14
Q

causes for polyclonal gammopathy

A
  • chronic inflammations
  • liver disease
  • FIP
  • heart worm
  • erlichiosis
  • lymphoma
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15
Q

causes for monoclonal gammopathy

A
  • neoplastic disorders
    • multiple myeloma
    • lymphoma
    • lympholytic leukemia
    • extramedullary plasmacytosis
    • macroglobulinaemia
  • non-neoplastic
    • heart worm
    • erlichia canis
    • FIPV
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16
Q

causes for hypoglobulinaemia

A
  • decreased intake of globulins
    • neonates before drinking colostrum
    • absorption disorders
  • decreased synthesis of globulins
    • aquired or inherited immunodeficiency
    • liver function impairment
  • increased loss: PLE,PLN, skin, bleeding
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17
Q

causes for increased fibrinogen concentration

A
  • acute inflammation
  • dehydration
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18
Q

causes of decreased fibrinogen concentration

A
  • liver function impairment
  • advanced protein deficiency
  • dic
  • sequestration after bleeding into body cavities
  • chronic bleeding
  • blood loss
  • inherited afibrinogenaemia
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19
Q

causes for transient increased glucose level

A
  • lab errors: lipaemia, icterus, hemolysis
  • stress: especially in cats, acute
  • food intake in dog and human
  • xylazin effect - anasthesia
  • glucagon flush caused by head trauma, rabies or aujezkys
  • after or during glucose fluid therapy
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20
Q

causes for constant hyperglycemia

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • hyperadrenocorticoidism: cushings
  • glucocorticostreoid treatment
  • progesterone effect: iatrogen or endogenous
  • enterotoxaemia in sheep
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21
Q

causes for decreased glucose concentation

A
  • lab error: storage transport
  • decreased energy status
    • ketosis in ruminants
    • groing pigs, baby pig disease, small breed puppies
    • starvation, exercise
  • insulin overdose: beta blocker medication
  • insulinoma: tumor in pancreas
  • anabolic steroid effect
  • liver failiure end stage
  • hypoadrenocorticoidism - addisons
  • septicaemia
  • hyperthyroidism
  • praneoplastic syndrome
  • pregnancy
  • xylitol poisoning
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22
Q

causes of appearance of ketone bodies

A
  • energy deficiency in liver cells
    • decreased carb intake
    • decreased insulin production
      • diabetes ketoacidosis
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23
Q

causes of increased urea concentration

A

energy deficiency in ruminants

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24
Q

causes of hyperlipidaemia

A
  • increased fat content in feed
  • diabetes mellitus: decresed ffa influx to cell
  • hypothyroidism
  • hyperadrenocorticoidism, glucocorticosteroid treatment
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • septicaemia
  • pancreatitis
  • hyperlipidaemia
  • hyperlipidaemia in pony
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25
Q

causes of decreased lipid content

A
  • starvation long term
  • liver failiure
  • malabsorption or digestion: epi
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26
Q

causes of hypocholesterolaemia

A
  • malnutrition
  • liver failiure
  • neoplastic disease
  • hyperthyreosis
  • decreased apolipiprotein synthesis
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27
Q

causes of hypercholesterolaemia

A
  • increased dietary fat
  • hypothyroidism
  • hyperadrenocorticoidism
  • dm
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • cholestatic disease: leakage from liver due to bile duct obstruction
  • idiopathic: primary dyslipidosis
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28
Q

cause of false or physiological increased pvc/ polycytaemia

A
  • false: long storage of sample with edta
  • physiological: also count as absolute polycytaemias
    • congenital: lama, yak, greyhound, whippet, hot blooded horses
    • age: new borns
    • physiological long term hypoxia: living in high altitude, training
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29
Q

causes of relative polycytaemia

A

decreased plasma volume: dehydration, vomit diarrea

30
Q

causes of absolute polycytaemia

A
  • increased rbc production
    • primary: without increased erythropoietin
      • polycytaemia absoluta vera
    • secondary: increased erythropoietin
      • true: long term hypoxia, physiological or chronic respiratory disorder
      • not true: no hypoxia, autoimmune increase of epo
31
Q

causes of hypervolemic polycytaemia

A

lifethreatening acute stress or physical exercise

32
Q

causes of false and physiological oligocytaemia

A
  • false: microcytosis, inapropriate sampling
  • physiological: increased plasma volume in third trimester
33
Q

causes of relative oligocytaemia

A
  • pathological increase in plasma volume
    • hyperhydration
    • terminal phase of chronic kidney insufficiency
34
Q

causes of absolute oligocytaemia

A
  • hours after acute bleeding: replacement of plasma is quicker than rbc
  • decreased rbc production:
    • suppression of bonemarrow: heavy metal poisoning, viral infection
    • lack of nutrients: iron, copper, b6, b12, folic acid
  • decreased rbc lifespan: immune mediated haemolytic anemia
  • sequestration of rbc in spleen: hypersplenismus
35
Q

causes of hypernatremia

A
  • increased water loss
  • decreased water intake
  • increased na retntion in kidneys
    • primary and secondary hyperaldosterism
  • od on hypertonic salt solution, increased salt intake
36
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A
  • excessive flui intake, water poisoning
  • retention of water, cariac, renal, hepatic insufficiency
  • enhanced na loss: hypoadrenocorticoidism, sweat, diarrea
  • water outflux from ic to ec: hyperosmolality
37
Q

causes of hypokalemia

A
  • decreased intake
  • long term polyuria
  • loop diuretic drugs
  • enteral potassium loss
  • primary or secondary hyperaldosteroidism
  • alkalosis
  • innsulin
38
Q

causes of hyperkalemia

A
  • increased per os intake
  • od on potassium fluids
  • acute kidney failiure
  • rupture of urinary bladder
  • hypoaldosteriodism
    *
39
Q

causes of hyperchloraemia

A
  • excessive per os intake
  • iv overdose of fluid therapy
  • decreased excretion
  • hyperaldostreonism
  • hypernatremia
40
Q

causes of decreased chloride

A
  • abomasal displacement
  • vomiting, diarrea
  • sweating horse
  • hyponatremia
41
Q

causes of hypocalcaemia

A
  • insufficient intake or absorption: vit D deficiency
  • hypofunction of parathyroid gland: mg def
  • surgical thyrectomy
  • lactating animals: loss through milk
42
Q

causes of hypercalcaemia

A
  • excessive calcium or vit D intake
  • hyper A vitaminosis
  • hyperfunction of parathyroid
  • some inflammatory, neoplastic or paraneoplastic
43
Q

causes of hypomagnesaemia

A
  • decreased intake
  • grass tetany
  • increased loss in lactatibg animals
  • absorption disturbance
  • increased renal or enteral excretion
44
Q

causes of hypermagnesaemia

A
  • increased intake
  • increased absorption
  • overdose on mg containing fluids
  • decreased excretion
  • dehydration
45
Q

increased Pi concentration

A
  • increased intake: meat or grain feed
  • increased absorption: vit D effect
  • decreased kidney function: less excreted
  • hyperthyroidism decrese PTH excretion, this decrease Pi excretion
  • mobilization from bones: osteolysis
46
Q

decreased Pi concentration

A
  • low intake
  • decreased absorption: EPI, intestinal inflammation, vit D def
  • high utilization: quick growth, pregnancy, egg formation
  • liver dysfunction
  • primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism enhance Pi excretion
47
Q

causes for increased O2 binding capacity of Hgb

A
  • decreased 2,3 DPG level in rbc
  • decreased pCO2 level in blood: resp alkalosis
  • decreased temperature of blood
  • increased blood pH: metabolic or respiratory alkalosis
48
Q

causes for decreased O2 binding capacity of Hgb

A
  • increased 2,3DPG in rbc
  • increased pCO2 in blood: respiratory acidosis
  • increased temperature
  • decreased pH: acidosis
49
Q

causes of increased hemoglobin concentration

A
  • relative dehydration
  • absolute polyctaemia
    • LAMA!
    • erythroleukemia
50
Q

causes of decreased hemoglobin concentration

A
  • relative hyperhydration
  • absolute oligocytaemia
  • young pigs have lower hgb concentration
51
Q

causes of microcytosis

A
  • chronic blood loss: fe loss
  • iron, copper, pyridoxine deficiency
  • portosystemic shunt
52
Q

causes of macrocytosis

A
  • polycytaemia absoluta vera: erythrtoleukemia
  • vit B12, cobalt, folic acid deficiency: slow down maturation of rbc
  • erythroleukemias: erythroblast leukemia, cancerous cells are young and large
  • regenerative anemia
53
Q

causes of mchc - hypochromasia

A
  • new born animal
  • regenerative anemia
  • iron deficiency anemia
54
Q

causes of mchc - hyperchromasia

A
  • erythroleukemia: polycytaemia absoluta vera
  • vit b12, cobalt, folic acid def??????
    • sholudnt this be for hypochromasia?
  • immunehemolytic anemia: spherocytosis
  • lead poisoning
  • splenectomy
55
Q

causes of low serum iron concentration

A
  • chronic blood loss
  • decreased intake: piglet, calves
  • impaired gastric, duodenal, jejunal function
    • reduction, transport, absorption
56
Q

causes of high serum iron concentration

A

iron toxicicosis

57
Q

causes of low total iron binding capaity

A
  • chronic inflammation: negative app
  • chronic liver failiure: decreased transferrin synth in liver
  • neoplastic disease
58
Q

causes of high total iron binding capacity

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
    • not severe: normal fe level + high tibc
    • severe: low iron + high tibc
59
Q

causes for abnormal ruminal odor

A
  • urea poisoning: ammonia smell
  • protein putrefaction: moldy rotting
  • excess lactic acid/grain overfeeding: acidic or sour smell
60
Q

causes of abnormal color of ruminal fluid

A
  • lactic acidosis: milky grey color
  • ruminal stasis/ decomposition: dark green or brown
  • calves with abomasal reflux: grey with clots of milk
61
Q

causes of abnormal consistancy of ruminal fluid

A
  • saliva contamination: increased viscosity
  • inactive protozoa, bacteria: low viscosity, watery with few feed particles
  • frothy bloat/ vagus indigestion: excess froth, stable bubbles
62
Q

causes for abnormal results in sedimentation/flotation test

A
  • very active fluid: flotation of fine particles
  • inactive fluid: rapid sedimentation, little/no flotation
  • rumen acidosis, prolonged anorexia
  • stable froth: frothy bloat or vgus indigestion
  • no sedimentation or flotation
63
Q

causes of elevated ruminal pH

A
  • simple indigestion
  • reduced feed intake for more than 2 days
  • urea indigestion
  • putrefaction of ruminal content, prolonged rumen stasis
  • saliva contamination
  • hay or green feed slightly elevate pH
64
Q

causes of lowered pH of rumen

A
  • grain overfeeding
  • chronic ruminal acidosis
  • an animal with lactic acidosis may have normal pH if anorexia is prolonged
65
Q

causes of abnormal nitrite reduction test results

A
  • rapid:
    • green fodder
    • ruminal decomposition
  • slow
    • inapetite
    • feeding with a deficient feed ration
66
Q

causes of slower methylene blue reduction test

A
  • inadequate bacterial population
  • rumen acidosis
  • indigestible feed
67
Q

causes of increased ammonia concentration in rumen

A
  • high dietary protein
  • energy deficiency
  • liver disorders
  • after calving: liver function is reduced
68
Q

causes of elevated levels of ruminal chloride

A
  • high salt intake
  • abomasal displacement
  • obstruction of intestinal flow: ileus, pyloric stenosis
  • abomasal disorders: inflammation, ulcer, hyperactivity
69
Q

causes of the disapperance of fungi from rumen

A
  • acidosis
  • putrefaction
70
Q

causes of reduced motility of rumen protozoa

A
  • acidisis
  • alkalosis
  • rapidly induced environmental changes
  • chronic processes
71
Q

causes of change in bacterial culture of rumen

A
  • less bacteria when fed with high celluloce feed
  • lactic acidosis: predominant gram positive population
  • fiber rich diet: gram negatives
  • starch rich diet: gram positive
  • ruminal putrefaction: proteus, clostridium and pseudomanas in high concentration
72
Q
A

Lab D midterm 1 (2 decks)

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