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ALFS Virtual Farm > Cattle Husbandry > Flashcards

Cattle Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

Are Dairy cattle in general safe?

A

They are big animals but have a lot of human contact compared to beef cattle

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2
Q

Are Beef Cattle in general safe?

A

They are less familiar and usually handled in groups. They are strong and well built so less domesticated

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3
Q

Are Cows with calves in general safe?

A

No, should be extra careful. Don’t get in between a cow and a calf. Restrain the cow if the calf needs to be worked on

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4
Q

Are Bulls in general safe?

A

no such thing as a safe bull (Dairy bulls more dangerous than beef bulls)

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5
Q

How do you handle cows in a group?

A

You need to plan before hand and look for flow and escape routes. Once a few cows are in the rest will follow

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6
Q

How do you handle cows individually?

A

work quietly and confidently, usually easier to take some other cows with them. Anticipate it is going to be stressful because they are herd animals. Use your voice to let it know where you are.

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7
Q

When kinching a halter what pieces of halter do you loop together?

A

Loop the free end with the loop under the chin

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8
Q

What are the steps of the Wyoming slip halter?

A
  1. Make loop on end of rope
  2. put other end around neck
  3. put free end through loop (but not all the way)
  4. put loop made around the nose
  5. make sure that under chin runs to the free end
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9
Q

Where do you approach a cow when putting a halter on?

A

from the side

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10
Q

What are different types of anti-kick methods?

A
  1. tail jack
  2. hobbles
  3. anti-kick bar
  4. udder cinch
  5. belly cinch
  6. Hock Twitch
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11
Q

How do you cast a young calf?

A
  1. make sure there is space behind you
  2. stand close to calf with one leg behind shoulder and one behind its flank
  3. catch the head with thumb in corner of calfs mouth or muzzle
  4. push head well away from you to bend neck at shoulder, keep nose high
  5. step backwards while pushing nose into body while simultaneously pushing loins down or lift precrural fold
  6. calf will go down gently. it cannot raise if its head is kept down and lower legs extended
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12
Q

Why do you cast an adult animal?

A
  1. medical treatment
  2. the cow to be rolled
  3. obstetrics- sort out a twisted womb
  4. foot care
  5. surgical procedures
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13
Q

When using the Reuff’s method on a male what should happen?

A

padding should be used to protect penis from damage (also be aware of prominent milking veins) - can use another technique instead

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14
Q

If the line of rope going across is on the right side of the cow what side will the cow fall?

A

fall on its left

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15
Q

Where does the cow drop relative to where you stood to tie the casting bowline nots?

A

the cow drops to the opposite side of where the knots are made

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16
Q

What are the two methods of casting a cow?

A
  1. Reuff’s method
  2. Crisscross method
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17
Q

What are the steps of the Crisscross method?

A
  1. a 12 m rope is divided into half and the center of the rope is placed on the neck in front of the withers
  2. pass each end under the front legs and over to the opposite side and up side of animal to middle of back
  3. then ropes pass between hind limbs and pulled from under
  4. goes down on what ever side?
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18
Q

Where are blood sampling sites on cows?

A
  1. tail vein
  2. jugular vein
  3. mammary vein (not advisable due to tendency to form haematomas)
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19
Q

Where are good sites for IV injections in cows ?

A
  1. jugular vein
  2. mid neck
  3. tail vein (1-2mLs) (caution: can loose tail)
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20
Q

Where are good sites for IM injections in cows?

A
  1. Anterior Gluteal region (don’t damage sciatic nerve) (No young animals)
  2. neck muscles **
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21
Q

Why is the neck muscle ideal for injections?

A

not an expensive cut of muscle and lined by a triangle to mark the spot

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22
Q

What are the borders of the triangle around the neck muscle of a cow?

A

dorsal- nuchal ligament
cranial - cervical vertebrae
caudal - scapula

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23
Q

Where is the best place for subcutaneous injections?

A
  1. area of loose skin behind the shoulder is useful
  2. area of neck in front of shoulder
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24
Q

What is drenching?

A

the oral administration of medicines - uses a bottle or gun that aim at back of tongue (allow animal to swallow as drenched (DON’T go to fast) and tilt nose upwards)

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25
Q

What is ringing a bull?

A

when put a ring inserted low down through the nasal septum in front of the cartilage. usually made of copper or alloy and vary in size

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26
Q

What is a downer cow?

A

cows that are down and unable to or refuse to rise

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27
Q

Why might there be a downer cow?

A
  1. milk fever
  2. trauma during calving
  3. toxic mastitis
  4. lack of confidence on slipper surfaces
  5. lack of space to lunge forward when rising
  6. incorrect positioning of legs
  7. physical damage caused by falls, mounting or casting
28
Q

What is the main problem with a downer cow?

A

longer the cow is down the more damage occurs to muscles and limbs because of her body weight

29
Q

TX for a downer cow?

A
  • fed and watered within reach
  • moved from side to side to reduce pressure on limbs
  • in bedding that is beded or on grass so get grip
30
Q

What areas do you look at for body condition scores?

A
  1. tail head
  2. ribs
  3. loin area
31
Q

For BCS, what do you look for at the tail head?

A

feel the amount of fat around the tail head and the prominence of pelvic bones

32
Q

For BCS, what do you look for at the loin?

A

feel the transverse and vertical projections of the vertebrae and the amount of fat between them

33
Q

For BCS, what do you look for at the ribs?

A

use flat hand or finger tips to feel the amount of fat that covers them

34
Q

How do you weigh a cow?

A

use a weigh band at the heart girth (animals circumference at heart level)

35
Q

What is the normal temperature of a cow?

A

38-39C (101-102.4F)

36
Q

What is the normal respiration rate?

A

12/25 breaths/minute

37
Q

What is the normal pulse?

A

50-60/minutes in adults

38
Q

Where can you take the pulse of a cow?

A

angle of jaw, inside foreleg, or undertail

39
Q

What is the normal condition of a cow?

A

alert, normal stance, no lameness, eating, ruminating, no abnormal discharges, shiny coat, no coughing

40
Q

What are behavioral signs of heat in cows?

A
  1. standing to allow others to mount
  2. attempting to mount others
  3. unusually alert and restless
  4. increased respiratory rate
  5. vocalizing/ culling (bulling)
  6. tail head may appear rubbed or licked
41
Q

What are discharge signs of heat in cows?

A

clear copious stringy mucus from vulva - can seen dried on tail, skin, hair of thighs
(blood stained mucus - 2 days post estrus)

42
Q

What are signs of parturition?

A
  1. abdominal enlargement (3 months before calving its apparent)
  2. udder filling (1 month before)
  3. udder and teats tense (calving is imminent)
  4. Relaxation of ligaments aka springing (calving imminent (older earlier))
  5. Mucus from vulva (2 weeks pre-calving)
43
Q

How do you determine the age in a cow?

A
  1. look at the whole animal (compare, udders, size, grey hairs, )
  2. look at teeth
44
Q

How long does it take from eruption of a tooth to being fully grown in?

A

5 months

45
Q

What age is a cow with only 1 pair of central incisors?

A

1 year 9 months

46
Q

What age is cow with 2 pairs incisors?

A

2 year 3 months

47
Q

What age is a cow with 3 pairs incisors?

A

2 year 9 months

48
Q

What age is a cow with 4 pairs incisors?

A

3 years 3 months

49
Q

After eruption when is a tooth in wear?

A

3 months after

50
Q

How many ear tags must a calve have?

A

2; one in each ear (must happen before leave holding of birth)

51
Q

What information do ear tags have?

A
  1. herd number
  2. individual unique identification number (6 digits)
  3. country of origin
52
Q

When must at least one ear tag be fitted for dairy cattle?

A

within 36 hours of birth

53
Q

When must second tag be fitted for dairy cattle?

A

within 20 days of birth

54
Q

How long back must farmer have records for?

A

10 years (3 years for non farmers like markets)

55
Q

What is a cattle passport?

A

given to any cattle that enters the UK, must stay with it through life, apply must be made within 7 days of tagging

56
Q

What is CTS?

A

Cattle Tracing System - computer based system to register cattle in great britan and their movements from birth to death

57
Q

At what age can a rubber ring no longer be used for castration?

A

after its older than 7 days old

58
Q

At what age does a veterinary surgeon with anaesthetic need to perform the castration instead of an unqualified individual?

A

2 months and over

59
Q

When can dehorning be done and by who and with or without anaesthetics?

A

any age, unqualified, with anaesthetics

60
Q

When do you half to start using anaesthetics for disbudding calves?

A

after 7 days

61
Q

What are the methods of disbudding/dehorning?

A
  1. chemical cauterised (up to 7 days)
  2. gas or electric disbudded w/ local anaesthetic
62
Q

What are problems with dehorning large horns?

A

it is hard to achieve good haemostasis

63
Q

What are the methods of castration?

A
  1. elastrator rings (under 7 days old)
  2. knife (over 8 weeks = surgeon w/ anaesthetics)
  3. burdizzo
64
Q

Restraining for castration

A
  1. good crush (large)
  2. pressed against a wall holding tail and chin (calf)
  3. halter and hold tail up and one hock laterally for better access (calf)
65
Q

Restraining for dehorning

A
  1. back end of calf in corner, thigh against calf’s neck, with hand around muscle, hold ear away from burner
  2. small calf crushes to purchase
66
Q

If a calf receives this ear tag (701129), what is the next year tag for the cow? (For Langhill)

A

101130

ALFS Virtual Farm (5 decks)

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