cattle clinical exam Flashcards
common calf conditions
scours
pneumonia
congenital heart defects
naval ill
joint ill
hernia
limb deformities
calf scours signs
evidence of loose stool
lethargy
dehydration
reduced appetite
calf scours test
fecal ELISA to differeniate pathogen
calf pneumonia signs
coughing
fever lethargy
inappetence
increased rr and effort
nasal discharge
calf pneumonia testing
BAL
nasopharyngeal swabs
post mortem
PCR, culture, ELISA
not very reliable - usually combined pathogen infection
nasal vaccination in face of infection - IBR
cow - eyes
fly eye
silage eye
cancer eye
sunken eyes - dehydration
cattle - mouth
rumination
teeth grinding - pain
cattle - skin
parasites
ringworm
cattle - cardioresp
nasal discharge - clear is normal, cloudy secondary to infection, bloody due to trauma or lower resp tract infection
rr - heat stress, pain
resp noise - noise usually resp tract disease
hardware disease
cattle - git
rumen turnover - 1-3x per min - left side
pings - interface of gas and fluid (distension)
left ping - LDA - 9-13th rib, upper middle third
right ping and splash - RDA, functional ileus (rub 10-13)
cattle - ortho
sole ulcers - repeated uneven pressure
white line - sole horn and wall separations - tight corners, metabolic imbalances
digital dermatitis - wart lesions
mobility scoring
o 0 – even rhythm, weight bearing on all legs, flat back, long strides, routine management only
o 1 – uneven steps or short stride, affected limb not immediately obvious, routine/preventative trimming when required, further observation recommended
o 2 – uneven weight bearing on a limb that is immediately identifiable and/or obviously shortened strides, usually arched centre back, requires prompt treatment
o 3 – unable to keep up brisk human pace, can’t keep up with herd, very lame, very little weight bearing on affected leg, arched back, treat as soon as possible, keep in yard with soft bedding, if very severe or repeated issue then culling may be required
rectal - identifiable structures
o Repro – cervix, uterine horns, ovaries
o Aorta
o GIT – Rumen (left), caecum (at pelvic brim),abomasum (right)
o Other – bladder, spleen, left kidney (but far)
pregnancy detection
o 30 days – very hard to tell by palpation, slightly thinner feeling uterus, slightly enlarged uterine horn on one side
o 45 days – may be able to feel cotyledons, care not to move foetus too much at this stage
o 60 days – can palpate the foetus
o 90 days – uterus may have dropped down into the ventral abdomen so not be palpable at this stage, can confirm pregnancy by feeling vibration of the uterine artery or feeling for cotyledons
metritis
Usually within 2 weeks of calving
Risk factors – retained membranes, dystocia, stillbirth, twins
discharge
Udders
mastitis
blind teats
mastitis types
Summer – primary bacteria = trueperella pyogenes, steph and strep infections can also be involved, spread by flies in the summer
Environmental – strep, staph, klebsiella and e coli infection from the environment
Contagious – strep, staph and e coli infections spread between cattle
mastitis signs
swollen and red udder, watery milk, reduced yield, pyrexia, sunken eyes, inappetence, diarrhoea, signs of dehydration, reduced mobility due to udder pain
mastitis causes
usually poor parlour hygiene
calf pneumonia pathogens
BVD, Pi3, mycoplasma bovis, BRSV, bovine herpesvirus (+ secondary bacterial infections with Pasteurella, histophillus, manheimia hemolytica)
calf pneumonia signs
pyrexia (39.5c+), coughing, nasal discharge, increased RR, dullness, decreased appetite, drooping head
calf pneumonia causes
pathogens, stress from management practices, inadequate colostrum intake, poor nutrition, poor biosecurity practices
calf pneumonia treatment
abx and NSAIDs, ensure drinking enough, reduce stress
