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PHIL 210 > Categorical Propositions Exam 3 > Flashcards

Categorical Propositions Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Relate Subject terms to predicate terms
(Connecting who or what the sentence is about to what they are doing)

A

Categorical Proposition

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2
Q

represents a person, thing, or concept (What or who the sentence is about)

A

Subject Term

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3
Q

What is said about the subject of the sentence

A

Predicate term

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4
Q

All S are P
No S are P
Some S are P
Some S are not P

A

Four types of categorical propositions

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5
Q

Word like “All” or “Some” are…

A

quantifier

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6
Q

Links the subject and predicate terms

A

copula

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7
Q

Always has a subject term that is a noun or noun phrase, a predicate term that is a noun or phrase, with a quantifier (All, no, or some), and a copula linking the subject and predicate terms (Are or are not)

A

standard form

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8
Q

Affirmative quality (“All” or “Some”) or Negative quality (“No” or “Some”) affirms or denies class membership of a categorical proposition

A

quality (categorical propositions)

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9
Q

Universal quality (“All” or “No”) or Particular quality (“Some”) of a categorical proposition

A

quantity (categorical proposition)

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10
Q

The statement applies to every member of the group it talks about (Applies to terms, not to propositions)

A

Distribution (categorical proposition)

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11
Q

A : Universal affirmative (S distributed)
E : Universal negative (S and P distributed)
I : Particular affirmative (S and P undistributed)
O: Particular negative(P distributed)

A

Letter names of the four categorical propositions

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12
Q

Statements or claims that can be either true or false

A

Propositions

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13
Q

Two perspectives : Aristotelean and Boolean.

A

Existential import

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14
Q

Using universal statements “All” or “No” implies that the subject of the statement exists

A

Aristotelian standpoint

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15
Q

developed by John Venn to represent the information expressed by categorical propositions

A

Venn Diagram

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16
Q

Something is true because there is nothing there that makes it is false.

A

Vacuously True

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17
Q

Something is wrong because there is nothing to make it true

A

Vacuously False

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18
Q

drawing a conclusion from one proposition without a lot of steps or complex reasoning. (“All cats have tails” conclusion “Some cats have tails”)

A

Immediate Inference

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19
Q

Saying something about an entire group as if it is real but no one knows if it is real or not.

A

Existential fallcy

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20
Q

When the subject and predicate switch places

A

Conversion

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21
Q

When the quality (Affirmative or negative) is changed and the predicate term is replace with its complement it is…

A

Observsion

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22
Q

When the subject and predicate switch places and replace each with its term compliment. (All horses are animals; all non-animals are non-horses)

A

Contraposition

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23
Q

When the subject and predicate switch places (No cats are dogs; No dogs are cats)

A

Converse statement

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24
Q

when the converse of an A,E,I, or O statement is mistakenly assumed to be true when it has invalid logic.

A

Fallacy of illicit conversion

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25
Q

everything that doesn’t belong to a specific set within a larger set of things. It includes all the elements that are not in that set.

A

Class complement

26
Q

the exact opposite of the term (All cats are mammals; All cats are non-mammals)

A

Term complement

27
Q

If a then b -> If not b then not A

A

The contrapositive of a given statement

28
Q

When someone incorrectly switches the subject and the predicate of a statement in a contraposition leading to an invalid argument.

A

Fallacy of Illicit contraposition

29
Q

Illustrates the relationship of mutually contradictory pairs of categorical propositions. If one is true the other is automatically false. (If all Cats are Black, Then none of the Cats are not Black)

A

Modern square of opposition

30
Q

opposite truth value (A-0 and E-I)

A

contradictory relation

31
Q

At least one of the propositions is false (A-E) one of them is false

A

contrary relation

32
Q

At least one of the propositions is true (I-O) one of them must be true

A

subcontrary relation

33
Q

The truth trickles down from A-I and E-O
The falsity trickles up from I-A and O-E

A

subalternation relation

34
Q
A

illicit contrary

35
Q
A

illicit subcontrary

36
Q
A

illicit subalternation

37
Q
A

conditionally valid

38
Q

Statements that incorporate forms of the verb “to be” other than “are” and “are not: or omit it entirely need to have the implicit “are” or “are not” made explicit.
Ex: Some dogs would rather bark than bite
Some dogs ARE ANIMALS THAT would rather bark than bite

A

Nonstandard verbs

39
Q

Propositions that make assertions about singular nouns can be transformed into universals by means of a “parameter”

A

singular propositions

40
Q

A phrase that affects the number of the subject term without changing its meaning.

Ex: Socrates is mortal
ALL PEOPLE IDENTICAL TO Socrates are PEOPLE WHO ARE mortal

A

parameter

41
Q

Implicit quantifies must be made explicit. to determine the quantity you must be sensitive to the most probable meaning of the statement.

A

unexpressed quantifiers

42
Q
A

nonstandard quantifiers

43
Q
A

conditional statements

44
Q

Propositions using the words “Only” “None but” “None except etc.

A

exclusive propositions

45
Q
A

exceptive propositions

46
Q

What does A distribute?

A

The Subject

47
Q

What does E distribute?

A

The Subject and the Predicate

48
Q

What does I distribute?

A

Neither the subject nor the predicate

49
Q

What does O distribute?

A

The Predicate

50
Q

What does Universal quantity distribute?

A

Subjects

51
Q

What do Negative quantity distribute?

A

Predicates

52
Q

Arguments that are from the boolean standpoint are valid regardless of whether they refer to existing things.

A

Unconditionally Valid

53
Q

When you change the quality (affirmative or negative) and replace the predicate with its term compliment (All horses are animals; no horses are non-animals)

A

Obversion

54
Q

A false A proposition is equal to an…

A

O proposition

55
Q

A false O proposition is equal to an…

A

A proposition

56
Q

A false E proposition is equal to an…

A

I proposition

57
Q

A false I proposition is equal to an…

A

E proposition

58
Q

adverbs “Where” “Anywhere” “nowhere”) may be translated using the word “places”
Ex” Wherever you hide, they will find you and they will tax you”

A

Spatial adverbs

59
Q

adverbs “When” “Whenever” “Always” may be translated using “times”
Ex: He is never clean shaven

A

Temporal adverbs

60
Q

Pronouns (“Who” “Whoever” “Anyone”) may be translated using “people”

A

Personal Pronouns

61
Q

Pronouns (“What” “Whatever” “Anything”) may be translated using “Things”

A

Impersonal Pronouns

PHIL 210 (4 decks)

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