Categorical Propositions

Question 1

every, all

Answer 1

universal affirmative
abbreviation: a

Question 2

What is a categorical Proposition?

Answer 2

A subject is more defined by a semantic content (the predicate).

Question 3

some

Answer 3

particular affirmative
abbreviation: i

Question 4

none

Answer 4

universal negative
abbreviation: e

Question 5

some…not

Answer 5

particular negative
abbreviation: o

Question 6

What is the negation of an a categorical proposition?

Answer 6

an o proposition

Question 7

What is the negation of an e proposition?

Answer 7

an i proposition

Question 8

What is the predicate in an affirmative proposition?

Answer 8

It’s always particular (insofar as the extension of the subject concept stretches)

Question 9

What is the predicate in a negative proposition?

Answer 9

Always universal.
-> The extension of the predicate depends exclusively on the affirmative or negative character of the proposition.

Question 10

What does contrary and contradictory mean?

Answer 10

Oppositions; i.e., the two sides are mutually exclusive

Question 11

What does subcontrary mean?

Answer 11

Not oppositions, as they can be true at the same time (but they cannot be false at the same time).

Question 12

What does Contrary mean?

Answer 12

Contraries cannot be true at the same time, but they can be false at the same time.

Question 13

What about Contradictory oppositions?

Answer 13

They can neither be true at the same time nor false at the same time; they are affirmations of the same thing.

Question 14

What about subaltern?

Answer 14

Each particular proposition is the subaltern of the universal proposition above it: if the universal proposition is true, then the subaltern is also true, and if the subaltern is wrong, then so is the universal proposition. Moreover, if the universal proposition is false, nothing can be said about the particular proposition. Conversely, if the particular proposition is true, nothing can be said about the universal propositions.

Question 15

True proposition A

Answer 15

True proposition A: All Swiss watches are true works of art.
-> equivalent of a false O
False proposition O: It is not the case that some Swiss watches are not true works of art.

Question 16

False A

Answer 16

False A: It is not the case that all Swiss watches are true works of art.
-> equivalent of a true O
True O: Some Swiss watches are not true works of art.

Question 17

True proposition E

Answer 17

No Swiss watches are true works of art.
-> Equivalent of a false I
False proposition I: It is not the case that some Swiss watches are true works of art.

Question 18

False E

Answer 18

False E: It is not the case that no Swiss watches are true works of art.
-> equivalent of a true I
True I: Some Swiss watches are true works of art.