Castle terms and chapter 19

Question 1

Courtyard or open space surrounded by walls

Answer 1

Bailey

Question 2

Main tower, usually the tallest and strongest structure in the castle

Answer 2

Keep

Question 3

Wooden bridge in front of the main gate of the castle

Answer 3

Drawbridge

Question 4

Metal or wood grate that was dropped vertically just inside the main gate to the castle

Answer 4

Portcullis

Question 5

Body of water surrounding the outer wall of a castle

Answer 5

Moat

Question 6

Stone structure that protected the gate of a castle

Answer 6

Barbican

Question 7

The structure at the tops of the walls surrounding a castle

Answer 7

Battlement

Question 8

Walkway built right up against the outer wall

Answer 8

Rampart

Question 9

Masonry projection used as additional support for walls

Answer 9

Buttress

Question 10

Slots in the walls and structures that were used to shoot arrows through

Answer 10

Arrow loops

Question 11

What does “Renaissance” mean?

Answer 11

Re-birth. It was a time when arts and education, especially the humanities, were important.

Question 12

The cause and effect connections…

Answer 12

Black Death…resources were not harmed by the disease…survivors made products and grew food…people traded the products on the Silk Road…banking systems were developed because of the trade…Medici was a banker who wanted to bring education, art, literature and culture to the people…people became interested in the humanities (poetry, history, art)…Dante wrote in Italian (not Latin) so most people could read his ideas

Question 13

Marco Polo

Answer 13

European explorer who traveled through Asia in the 1200s

Question 14

Renaissance

Answer 14

period following the Middle Ages, with renewed interest in Greek and Roman culture and an emphasis on more than just religious matters

Question 15

humanism

Answer 15

emphasis on human value and achievement

Question 16

Dante Alighieri (Dante)

Answer 16

Italian poet who wrote “The Divine Comedy”

Question 17

Niccolo Machiavelli (Machiavelli)

Answer 17

political philosopher who wrote “The Prince”

Question 18

Michelangelo

Answer 18

master artist who painted the ceiling of the Vatican’s Sistine Chapel

Question 19

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 19

master inventor, engineer, and artist who painted the Mona Lisa

Question 20

Petrarch

Answer 20

Renaissance poet and scholar who helped change education

Question 21

Johann Gutenberg (Gutenberg)

Answer 21

German inventor of a printing press with moveable type

Question 22

Christian humanism

Answer 22

combination of humanism and Christianity

Question 23

Desiderius Erasmus (Erasmus)

Answer 23

priest and Christian humanist who criticized corrupt clergy (priests)

Question 24

Albrecht Durer

Answer 24

German painter who is also known for his block printing

Question 25

Miguel de Cervantes

Answer 25

Spanish writer of “Don Quixote”, a novel that mocked medieval habits and customs

Question 26

William Shakespeare

Answer 26

English dramatist and poet inspired by the Renaissance

Question 27

Reformation

Answer 27

a reform movement against the Roman Catholic church

Question 28

Martin Luther

Answer 28

a priest who wanted reform in the church. He wrote a list of complaints called “The Ninety-Five Theses.”

Question 29

Protestants

Answer 29

people who followed Martin Luther by protesting against the Roman Catholic church

Question 30

John Calvin

Answer 30

a reformer who taught about predestination. He believed that God decided who would be saved, and nothing people did on earth could change that. He thought it was important to live a good life.

Question 31

Catholic Reformation

Answer 31

the Catholics’ effort to stop Protestantism; it was their own reform movement

Question 32

Jesuits

Answer 32

a group of priests created by Saint Ignatius of Loyola

Question 33

federalism

Answer 33

the sharing of government between local governments and a strong central government