Case studies- key info Flashcards
POLIO- transmission route
faecal-oral, but moves to the CNS
POLIO- name when virus gets into CNS
paralytic polio myelitis
POLIO- 2 vaccine types
Salk- inactivated, injected, expensive (cold chains and inactivation)
Sabin- live attenuated, oral, cheaper- mostly used
POLIO- subtype which still exists and where
WPV1- Afghanistan, Pakistan
POLIO- new vax in development
nOPV2
PLAGUE- pPst virulence factors
pla- facilitates adhesion by cleaving fibrin clots
PLAGUE- pFra plasmid virulence factors
caf1, capsule, antiphagocytic
PLAGUE- pLct VFs
yopH- interfere w intercellular signalling and immune responses
chromosome VFs
irp2- iron uptake, important for growth
SCHISTOSOMES- life cycle
via snails, gets back into water via people
bloodstream > gut > can get caught in liver also
SCHISTOSOMES- drug
praziquantel
SCHISTOSOMES- how many infected
250 mil
CHOLERA- antigen determining phenotype
O antigen
CHOLERA- important toxins
Ctx and Tcp
CHOLERA- how do toxins influence pathogenesis
toxins affect ion efflux, so ions move out, water follows into the gut
CHOLERA- vaccine effectiveness
like 50%
TRYPANOSOMES- T. brucei immune avoidance strategy
VSG coat
some other important potential targets are in a ‘flagellar pocket’
TRYPANOSOMES- what % of the genome are VSGs
1500 genes, 10% of total genome
HIV- how many people living with
39 million
HIV- PrEP and PEP effectiveness
PrEP- 99% for sex, 74 for drugs
PEP- 80%
HIV- 3 protein types and total number
9 genes encoding 15 proteins
structural (env, pol, gag)
essential regulatory (tat, rev)
accessory (nef, vpu)
HIV- immune evasion mechanisms megalist (should maybe make a set of just these)
-PAMP modification
-blocking of IFN production
-Vpu inhubiting cellular mechanisms which block release of virus particles
-MHC1 degradation through endomembrane system or exocytosis
-CTL escape (mutation, up to 42% variation in just Env between HIV subtypes and 30% variation within)
-glycan shields
HIV- vaccine examples which have been trialed
vaccines like AIDSVAX and ALVAC have been tried in various regimens, generally with limited success
e.g. Uhambo trial (nothing, SA), RV144 (Thailand, 30%)
HIV- vaccine development avenues
targeting broadly neutralising antibodies, combinatorial design to try and target multiple bits of the immune system, mRNA vaccines
MENINGITIS- how many capsule types, and howmany are pathogenic
12, 6
MENINGITIS- disease process
bacteria is normally just vibing, but canget into brain capillaries, inflammation
MENINGITIS- 2 vax types
plain polysaccharide- not good for infants and ineffective against carriage
conjugate polysaccharide- developed later, more effective in infants, shown to be strongly effective
MENINGITIS- vax programs
MCC 1999
MenAfriVac 2010
MenACWY 2015
MENINGITIS- current issues
group B, showing low immunogenicity so need to be a bit creative
outer-membrane vesicles? fHbp as a candidate protein? decent efficacy when using this
