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Geography A-level > Case studies for Paper 2 Section B: Global Governance: Change and challenges > Flashcards

Case studies for Paper 2 Section B: Global Governance: Change and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a diaspora community?

A

Diaspora means the movement and spreading of a large number of people from one part of the world to another

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2
Q

Give the name of the case study for a diaspora community

A

Commonwealth

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3
Q

What established the Commonwealth? What year? What rights did it provide?

A

The Commonwealth was established by the London Declaration in 1949 and gave members of Commonwealth countries the right to migrate to the UK under the British Nationality Act 1948.

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4
Q

When, how and when did the first Commonwealth diaspora come to the UK?

A

The first Commonwealth diaspora to the UK was from the Caribbean in 1948 on HMS Windrush with nearly 500 passengers

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5
Q

Give the case study name for economic migration studies

A

Economic migrants from Eastern Europe to the UK

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6
Q

During which years did economic migrants move to the UK? How many? From where?

A

Between 2004 and 2007, 800,000 economic migrants moved to the UK from Eastern Europe. 500,000 were from Poland

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7
Q

Where were the migrants from Eastern Europe mostly employed? Give %

A

28% Eastern Europeans main occupations were primary sector roles… tradesman, agriculture

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8
Q

Give figures for the gender imbalance of women and men migrants for Polish migration

A

Ratio of men to women Polish migrants is 60:40

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9
Q

How has the UK changed positively to welcoming migrants? Supermarkets? Students? Money?

A

Tesco sells over 100 lines of Polish food, the fastest ethnic minority range ever
In2009 there were over 14,000 migrant students from A8 countries
Emancipation of Polish women
more than ½ Poles in UK send home remittances

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10
Q

How has the UK changed negatively to welcoming services? economy? brexit?

A

Pressures on services. One doctors in Peterborough saw 1000 new patients
Migrants contributed 0.5-1% of the UK’s economic growth from 2005-06.
BREXIT AND COVID deplete the workforce – elementary occupations fell by over 200,000 workers
Ageing pop

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11
Q

Give another case study name for the movement of economic migrants that aren’t from Poland

A

economic migrants from Bangladesh to Gulf States (Middle East)

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12
Q

How many Bangladeshi’s leave the country each year and what percentage are men? What % went to the middle east?

A

Every year 500,000 leave Bangladesh, 95% of which were men. 71% went to Middle East.

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13
Q

50% of Bangladeshis live on how much a day?

A

less than $1.25

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14
Q

What has grown in Dakota, the capital of Bangladesh? And what’s the main religion for both countries?

A

Growth of slums in Dakota capital – both are mostly Muslim countries (no clash)

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15
Q

What opened to support new tradesman and white collar professionals in Bangladesh?

A

In 1976, the Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training (BMET) opened 47 training centres to develop professional skills of Bangladeshi works in trades in demand

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16
Q

Give a consequence regarding gender for gulf states. How many males per female?

A

UAE has the most imbalanced gender ratio of any country in the world with 2.2 males for every female + disproportionate people aged between 20 and 49.

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17
Q

What system easily expolits workers in Gulf states?

A

The Kafala sponsorship system ties workers to employers, restricting their rights. Gives employers total power over workers and can remove their right to remain in the UAE. In 2010 the government amended the law to enable workers to changer employers.

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18
Q

How do the worlds superpowers filter migration? Hint-should be three countries

A

UK – have a tier system. Tier 1 (high value). Tier 2 (skilled workers capped at 20,700 let in unless they earn more than £150,000). Tier 3 (student). Tier 4 (temporary migrants)

Australia - character aptitude test. HIV tests. Ability to contribute to society

Canada – point-based system – policies control whether migrants meet a certain skill level

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19
Q

where do international migrants centre around in the UK?

A

Migrants concentrate around quaternary sector hotspots: Cambridge + M4 corridor

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20
Q

Give the case study used for consequences of economic policies such as land grabs

A

Gambella region of Ethiopia

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21
Q

Name the Indian firm which land grabbed parts of Ethiopia

A

Karuturi

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22
Q

How many hectares did the Indian company Karuturi land grab? How long was the lease?

A

100,000 hectares of agriculture land through a 50 year lease

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23
Q

Name a consequence of the Karuturi land grab

A

1.5 million indigenous people were forced to relocate

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24
Q

Name the case study for political tension

A

The Syrian Conflict

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25
Q

When did the Syrian conflict start? What was it caused by?

A

March 2011 as a result of the Arab Spring

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26
Q

How many people does the UN estimate has been killed in the Syrian conflict?

A

40,000

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27
Q

How many Syrians had been forcible displaced? Guve percentages of where they went

A

13 million had been forcibly displaced – 50% moved to other parts of Syria, 40% to neighbouring countries and 10% to EU countries

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28
Q

Give a consequence of the Syrian conflict on Syria directly. hint-infrastructure

A

Collapsed infrastructure: Within Syria, 95 percent of people lack adequate healthcare, 70 percent lack regular access to clean water.

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29
Q

What are the name of two charitable organisations which helped refugees in the Syrian conflict. How many people did they help?

A

World Vision, UNHCR – helped more than 7.5 million people

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30
Q

Which European country allowd refugees into their country? what was this policy known as? How many more refugees did they welcome than at the start of 2011, when the war began.

A

Germany operated an ‘open border’ scheme, opening its border to Syrian refugees, obtaining 10x the number of asylum seekers at the end of 2011 compared to the start of the year.

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31
Q

What was the name of the riot group in Germany, against the open border policy

A

The rise of PEGIDA – anti-Islamic movement against open door policy

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32
Q

What deal was made when the EU closed its border to Syrian refugees

A

EU-Turkey deal

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33
Q

Which year did European countries close their borders to Syrian refugees?

A

2016

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34
Q

Describe the EU-tukey deal? How much was paid to Turkey?

A

Onw for one deal - for every Syrian returned to turkey, a Syrian migrant will be resettled in the EU – priority given to those not tried to enter illegally, but capped at 72,000. £3bn paid

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35
Q

In 2015, how many refugees were reported dead or missing and how many tried to cross to Europe by boat?

A

2,900 refugees were reported dead or missing from the crossing. Nearly 500,000 tried to cross by boat.

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36
Q

Which Humanitarian law prevents refugees being returned back to their country of persecution? How does the EU-Turkey deal go about this?

A

UNHCR + 1951 convention gives the right to not be returned to persecution, gives the right not to be discriminated against, and the right to not be penalised for unlawful access into a country – agreement goes against this

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37
Q

Which country is our rural to urban migration study?

A

China

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37
Q

How many refugees have been welcomed in the UK since the beginning of the Ukraine war?

A

200,000+

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38
Q

From what year did Chinese rural-urban migration occur? How many people migrated? What percentage pop did the East coast rise by in what years? Give east coast city examples

A

240 million since 1980’s – East coast pop rose by 82% from 2000-2010. Major cities are along its east coast; Beijing, Foshan and Puning.

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39
Q

What catalysed rural to urban migration in China?

A

Movement has been driven by the dramatic economic growth in China resulting from the global shift of manufacturing industry

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40
Q

What percentage of migrants work in the manufacturing industry and what’s the average age?

A

44% new generation migrant workers employed in the manufacturing industry – average age is 17.2

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41
Q

In 2010, how many people were living in urban areas without Hukou entitlement? what was this population known as? what did it prevent them from accessing?

A

in 2010 there were over 200 million Chinese people living in urban areas without Hukou entitlement to housing and other services – known as ‘floating pop’ – socially excluded

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41
Q

Name a consequence of rural to urban migration for China? What’s the name of the system?

A

Hukou system: internal passport scheme that controls your access to key services including education, healthcare and housing provision

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42
Q

How many more cars are on the road in China in 2017 than 2003?

A

3x more cars on the road in 2017 than 2003

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43
Q

What percentage of remittances accounted towards rural family income in 2003?

A

In 2003 migrant workers remittances amounted to 18% of total rural family income

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44
Q

Give a consequence for the rural population? Which demographic is affected?(China)

A

2.5 young person per elderly person – ageing population

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45
Q

What happens to the young children when parents leave for urban areas? what are they known as?

A

‘The left behind children’ – young parents leave kids. Parents visit once a year, social exclusion. Can’t go to school

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46
Q

What year did the first container ship set sail?

A

1956

47
Q

who had the initial idea for containerisation?

A

Malcom Mclean

48
Q

How did the first counter ship time compare to sailing boats?

A

Could unload 1000 containers in 12 hours rather than 16 days to load and unload.

49
Q

Give the name of the piracy case study?

A

Somalia

50
Q

Give context for Somalia as a country? Politics, geographic?

A

30 year long civil war in Somalia makes it an unstable country with no formal government to make a formal economy.

Longest coastline of any African country

51
Q

How does the average ransom payment compare to the annual money earned by a Somalian citizen?

A

Poverty breeds crime. $104 annually. The average ransom is over £2.7m

52
Q

What coincided with the Somali civil war peak? Hint, link to piracy
When did Somali civil war peak?

A

Somali civil war peaked in 2011 where there were 736 hostages, and 32 container ships held for ransom - £10bn in payments

53
Q

How much does it cost pirates per attack?

A

Costs £30,000 per attack but rewards highly

54
Q

Name a strategy adopted to deter and prevent piracy

A

NATO formed operation Ocean Shield to deter piracy – in 2012 there were no successful attacks

55
Q

Give the name of the people smuggling study

A

Mediterranean crisis

56
Q

What percentage of illegal immigrants crossed using the Med?

A

Over 90% of illegal immigrants cross the Med using criminal networks

57
Q

What did EU countries do that worsened the smuggling situation?

A

Many countries try to prevent entrance, rather than trying to manage the flow

58
Q

How much do smugglers charge for adult and child boarding?

A

Costs £2000 an adult and £1000 a child to be smuggled

59
Q

Where are the two main smuggling routes across the Mediterranean?

A

The two main routes across the Med were through Turkey and Libya in North Africa.

60
Q

What operation was launched to mitigate the effects of people smuggling?

A

The EU launched operation Sophia: to save stricken migrant vessels, combat illegal crossings and deter smugglers

61
Q

When was the first seafloor cabla laid?

A

1850

62
Q

Which two social media gurus laid a cable? name the cable and how long it stretched from which two continents?

A

Microsoft and Facebook jointly funded the ‘Marea Cable’ a 6600km cable from USA to Europe. Completed in 2020, it’s the highest data capacity cable linking the two continents.

63
Q

Describe the cable Google laid

A

Google funded the ‘faster’ cable laid between USA and Asia – operational since 2016 – 60 terabytes per second

64
Q

How many km are there of seafloor cables today?

A

1.2 million km

65
Q

Give the benefit of seafloor cables for MNCs. Give company examples.

A

Enables MNC’s to reduce costs by outsourcing service jobs to developing countries. E.g. Shell bitumen technology in India, Scan safe for photo restoration

66
Q

Give a case study which impacts seafloor cables? Country name? Year?

A

Volcanoes in Tonga 2022

67
Q

What distance of cable was affected by the Volcano in Tonga?

A

8km stretch of cable damaged from Tonga to Fiji

68
Q

What magnitude earthquake was caused by Tonga volcano?

A

7 magnitude earthquake

69
Q

Name a natural event which affected a seafloor cable that isn’t volcano’s in Tonga. What year>

A

1982 – hurricane iwa in pacific ocean caused a submarine landslide which cut six cables connecting Hawaii to mainland USA

70
Q

Who manages seafloor cables?

A

Unclos regulates the management of seafloor cables + the international cable protection committee

71
Q

Name a historical and ongoing dispute - geopolitical tension of resources and sovereignty

A

The Falklands war 1982

72
Q

What percentage of the Falkland Island voted to remain British in 2013?

A

In 2013 the island held a referendum where 99.8% of the island wanted to remain under British rule.

73
Q

How much oil is under the coastal bed of the Falkland Island?

A

There are thought to be 60 billion barrels of oil under the seabed around the island – most of which is within its 200 mile EEZ (economic exclusive zone)

74
Q

Name a current dispute - geopolitical tensions over resources access and sovereignty

A

The South China Sea

75
Q

What is the tension over in the South China sea?

A

Tension between China and other nations which claim sovereignty over the uninhabited Spratly Islands

76
Q

What did the Phillipines do over Chinese territory tension? what year?

A

Claim to maritime areas led to the Philippines taking China to the Hague – international court

77
Q

What happened in October 2023 between a Phillipine and Chinese coastguard?

A

Chinese coastguard ship crashed into a Philippines supply boat

78
Q

What percentage of ocean trade goes through the South China Sea?

A

90% of traded goods by sea go through the sea

79
Q

How is China claiming territory? Hint, name of the line

A

9-dash line

80
Q

what strategy does China adopt to take an island?

A

China’s cabbage strategy – China places ships around an island blocking it in

81
Q

Which other global superpower has interest in the South China Sea?

A

Tension in the assumption of the ten dash line which includes the sovereign state of Taiwan which is supported by the US (allies) – blue water navy – tension

82
Q

Name a potential future dispute for geopolitical tension over resources and soverignty

A

sovereignty of artic ocean resources

83
Q

How many countries have EEZs which stretch into the Arctic Ocean?

A

8 countries have EEZs that extend into the arctic ocean and therefore have legitimate claim over resources

84
Q

What did Russia do in 2015 to lay claim to territory?

A

In 2015 Russia placed a flag at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, outside their EEZ – tension

85
Q

How is climate change increasing tension in the Arctic Ocean? Hint resources

A

Climate change is uncovering trillions of dollars of unreachable oil and gas in reach – predicted to be ice free by 2035.

86
Q

What have countries done to protect their coasts and EEZs in Arctic Ocean?

A

Canada built arctic patrol ships – Norway hosts NATO drills

87
Q

Name a community in the Arctic affected by extraction of resources

A

Gwich’in indigenous community in Alaska

88
Q

Give a consequence of oil drilling in Alaska on the Gwich’in community

A

Oil drilling changes caribou migration patterns – source of food for tribes

89
Q

Name the Biden approved oil drilling project? How many miles would it stretch?

A

Biden approved the Willow Oil drilling project in Alaska – ConocoPhillips Willow project is a 23 miles petroleum reserve

90
Q

How many barrels could be extracted every day for 30 years in Alaska?

A

180,000 crude oil barrels daily

91
Q

Name a country facing injustice through being landlocked

A

Bolivia

92
Q

Under UNCLOS, what right to landlocked countries have?

A

Under UNCLOS, landlocked countries have the right of access to and from the ocean via neighbouring countries – ‘transit states’

93
Q

What have Peru done to help Bolivias Chile problems?

A

Peru have given Bolivia a 1.38 sq mile part of the coast to build a dock and port for global trade. This increases Bolivias relations with global markets enabling them to transport metal ores such as zinc, tin and silver. Build navy school. Increases human development index.

94
Q

How does the EU Common Fisheries policy prevent overfishing?

A

The policy sets quotas for which member states are allows to act each type of fish
Totally allowable catches (TACs) set up catch limits for commercial fish stock

95
Q

Give a negative of the EU Common Fisheries policy

A

CFP forces fisherman to dump billions of dead fish because they are too small – 13% catch

96
Q

State the case study for a marine protected area

A

Tristan de Cunha Marine Protection Zone

97
Q

In 2020, what size of the Tristan de Cunha was designated Marine Protection Zone status

A

An areas three times the size of the UK

98
Q

What percentage of fishing and extraction is banned from the Tristan de Cunha area?

A

all fishing and extraction activities banned from 90% of island waters

99
Q

Give another marine protected area that is not the Tristan de Cunha area

A

Lamlash Bay No Take Zone, Isle of Arran, Scotland

100
Q

What percentage of fish stock fell before before the Lamlash Bay no take zone?

A

Fish stock fell by 96%

101
Q

What positive happened after 10 years of their being a no-take zone in Lamlash Bay? What percentage of biodiversity returned?

A

after 10 years, biodiversity has increased by 50%. Some species increased by 400%.

102
Q

Name the 1967 oil spill disaster

A

Torrey Canyon disaster 1967

103
Q

Which coastlines were affected by the Torrey Canyon Disaster? How much oil was released?

A

UK and French coasts releasing 119,000 tonnes of oil

104
Q

Name direct impacts of Torrey Canyon oil spill 1967

A

affecting 15,00 dead seabirds, 80km of UK and 120km French coastlines contaminated

105
Q

Give another oil spill example that isn’t Torrey Canyon or Exxon Valdez

A

Deepwater Horizon

106
Q

How many barrels of oil were released during the Deepwater Horizon Spill? Which countries coast was affected?

A

4 million barrels of oil affected 600 square miles of Mexican coast

107
Q

Name the oil spill which occured in March 1989

A

Exxon Valdez spill

108
Q

What factor catalysed the spills expansion in Exxon Valdez Spill?

A

Clean up didn’t begin until 10 days after the spill despite the company admitting responsibility

109
Q

Name the lasting impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill?

A

25 years later, less than ½ wildlife had returned

110
Q

Name the case study for a eutrophic dead zones

A

The Gulf Of Mexico Dead Zone
Nearly 9000 square miles

111
Q

Give an example of a managing UNESCO Marine Heritage Sites

A

Belize Barrier Reef 1996:
In 2009 the reef was identified by UNESCO as in danger following concerns over overfishing, tourism and oil extraction and mangrove deconstruction

Management - sustainable fishing quotas, educating visitors and tour guides

BTIA - Belize Tourist Industry Association

In December 2015 Belize put a permanent ban through an oil moratorium across the entire Belize offshore waters to reduce pollution

in 2018 unesco removed the in danger status - so far over 85,000 corals have been replanted
coral coverage increased from 6-50% between 2010 and 2017

112
Q

Name the case study for Overfishing

A

Newfoundland Cod Industry 1992

113
Q

What were reasons for the cod collapse and between what years?

A

Overfishing from 1962-1977 made cod levels drop by 82%

114
Q

What action was taken to protect northern cod species?

A

There was a cod moratorium - laid off 40,000 fishermen. Fisherman were given £225 a week compensation. Also caused rural to urban migration.

115
Q

Did the Newfoundland cod moratorium work?

A

In 2008 scientists noted the first substantial increase in cod since 1992. In 2015 some suggestions were made to end the moratorium.

116
Q

When did the UK’s Waste export reach its peak? What was the figure?

A

2011 at nearly 315,000 tonnes of rubbish. Majority was sent to China.

117
Q

In 2020 how much and where did the UK export it waste to?

A

Turkey and 200,000 metric tonnes

Geography A-level (7 decks)

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