Case Studies Flashcards
Name an area with a youthful population
Bristol, UK or Uganda, Africa
Name an area with an ageing population
Cornwall, UK
Name an area that is suffering from high emigration
Poland
Name an area that is suffering from high immigration
Peterborough, UK
Name impacts of migration on country of origin
Brain drain Imbalance Gender skew Emancipation of women Less economically active Shortage of skilled workers
Name impacts of migration on destination country
Increased work force Shortage of jobs Improved work ethic Tax Racism Segregation Overcrowding
Name negative impacts of ageing populations
Increased health costs Strain on NHS Pensions Welfare costs Housing
Name positive impacts of ageing populations
Grey pound
Grey vote
Welfare systems
Local transport improvements
Name impacts of youthful populations
Demand on health services Overcrowding in inner city High rural to urban migration Rise in informal employment Rise in unemployment Early childbearing reduces female education and emancipation Growth of squatter settlements
What is Uganda’s fertility rate?
6.7
What percentage of Uganda’s population are under 15?
50%
Is Uganda’s dependency rate high or low?
High
Name the two pessimistic models
Malthus and Club of Rome
Name the two optimistic models
Boserup and Simon
What did Malthus suggest?
Resources increase at an arithmetic rate, whilst population increases at an exponential rate
Carrying capacity is exceeded when crisis point is reached, resulting in overpopulation
Unchecked population growth would inevitably lead to famine
Positive checks (war, famine) and preventative checks (birth control, abstinence) could prevent crisis point
What did Club of Rome suggest?
Inevitable collapse of civilisation unless economic growth halted
Predicted population of 7 billion by 2000
Wrote essay ‘Limits to Growth’
What are the limitations of the pessimistic models?
Do not take human innovation into account
Do not consider human adaptability
Global carrying capacity increased due to human technology (alternative fuels, Green Revolution etc.)
What did Boserup suggest?
Positive aspects to large population
Pressure from population increase upon agriculture stimulates invention
Changes in technology allow for improved crop strains and increased yields
Backed up by Green Revolution
What did Simon suggest?
Supply of natural resources is infinite
Rising prices for limited resources force people to producing new technology for other resurces
Human brain power is the only scarcity
What are the limitations of the optimistic models?
Only based on closed societies
Migration is not taken into consideration
Technology can be unsustainable and environmentally degrading
Name the anti-natal case studies
One Child Policy, China
Kerala, South-West India
Name the pro-natal case studies
France, EU
Laviano, Italy
Name the transmigration case study
Indonesia (Java, Bali and Madura to Borneo and Sulawesi)
Describe the One Child Policy strategy
Applied to Han Chinese
One child per family (multiple births were exempt)
5-10% salary rise for one child families
Fines, salary penalties and forced abortions/sterilisations for more children
Granny police encouraged contraception
Describe the One Child Policy problems
Forced abortions 37 million female infanticides Gender skew (114 males to 100 females) Rise in sex work Ageing populations (Shanghai particularly) 4-2-1 issue Little Emperor Syndrome 400 million fewer people born
Describe the One Child Policy changes since 1990
Sibling-less couple allowed 2 children
Shanghai exempt
Describe Kerala’s strategy
Improve education and adult literacy Emancipate women Encourage female careers Free contraception and sexual health services Land reform (8ha)
Describe the impact on Kerala
Increased GDP Stage 4 of DTM High adult literacy Falling birth rate Steady sustainable population growth
Describe France’s problems
Falling birth rate (below replacement level) Stage 5 of DTM Falling economically active High dependency ratio High number of elderly dependents
Describe France’s strategy
Three years paid maternity leave
Free nursery care
Schooling from age 3
Earlier retirement for women
Describe France’s effectiveness
Fertility rate increased from 1.7 to 1.9
Reduced dependency ratio
Increased economically active
Sustainable population
Describe Laviano’s strategy
Mayor Rocco Falivena introduced cash for babies scheme
£7000 paid over 6 years of child’s life
Describe Indonesia’s strategy
Move millions from overpopulated islandsJava, Bali and Madura to underpopulated islands Borneo and Sulawesi
£7000 incentive per family
Describe Indonesia’s problems
10% of Borneo and Sulawesi is dense tropical rainforest
Incentives caused national debt
Racial tension increase
What is the inner city case study?
Byker Ward, Newcastle
What is the suburban case study?
Jesmond, Newcastle
What is the rural/urban fringe case study?
Gosforth, Newcastle
What is the rural area case study?
Wylam, Newcastle
What is Byker Ward’s history?
Orginally Victorian working-class area of densely built terraces
By 1960s, area had fallen into socio-economic and environmental decline
1,200 dwellings unfit for human habitation
80% wanted to stay
Describe Byker Ward’s housing
Byker Wall
Small windows at rear to reduce noise pollution
Combination of low, medium and high storey housing
Affordable
Welfare housing
Describe Byker Ward’s services
Neighbourhood heating scheme to subsidize heating costs
Metro Station
Good transport links
Dual carriageway
Describe Byker Ward’s population structure
White British 95%
Second generation migrants
Asylum seekers 5%
High unemployment 7%
Describe Jesmond’s housing
Georgian style
Large homes
Double depth
Studentification has led to sub-divided houses
Describe Jesmond’s population structure
White British 92%
Ethnic minorities/overseas students 8%
Low unemployment 2%
Describe Gosforth’s housing
Part of Newcastle conurbation (ex-suburb)
Large family homes
Gardens
Unaffordable for the majority
Infilling of brownfield led to new housing/flats for first time buyers
Describe Gosforth’s population structure
White British 96%
Low unemployment 2%
Describe Wylam’s housing
Converted farm buildings Country homes New estates built on greenfield to meet demand Village green Community hub
Describe Wylam’s population structure
White British 98.8%
Very low unemployment 1%
Many retirees 17%
