Case Studies Flashcards
explain: Deregowski (1972)
” Mike Wazowski conducted a experimented to see if a monster upbringing or natural abilities allowed them to view the screams as scary or not.”
Wazowski (Deregowski) -> experiment -> african vs western cultures -> prices images differently
-> natural or learnt
What?
during this study Jab B Deregowski sought to investigate whether the perception of pictures relies on learning. The natural (quasi) experiment consisted of several different studies in which participants from Western cultures (unspecified) and various African countries viewed 3D pictures.
- Both children and adults from African communities found it difficult to perceive depth in the pictorial material and were classified as either 2D or 3D perceivers.
- They found that almost all 3D perceivers built a 3D object. Participants who did not readily perceive depth in pictures (2D Perceivers) tended to build a flat model.
- When asked to copy the ambiguous trident, participants who were classified as 3D perceivers spent more time looking at the ambiguous trident than at the control trident, whereas 2D perceivers did not differ significantly in the time spent viewing each of the two tridents.
- It was found that 2D perceivers set the light at the same apparent length regardless of where they were asked to place it in the picture. This was not the case for 3D perceivers, who used depth cues in the picture to determine depth.
Conclusion: The conclusions put forward by Deregowski can be interpreted as being somewhat ethnocentric and there may be alternative explanations for the findings however undertaking this research often helps researchers to determine whether certain abilities are innate (natural) or learnt ( environmental)
Explain: Hudson (1960)
Hudson -> spider -> lots of eyes -> visual perception -> 2D & 3D -> caucasian cultures vs African Cultures
” The Hudson spider had lots of eyes, meaning his visual perception was good, he could see in in 3D he could see in 2D, and most of all he could see black and white.”
What?
William Hudson investigated the individual differences in perception of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images (specifically depth perception) in caucasian cultures vs African Cultures.
Findings
The results indicated that samples without schooling from both cultures were able to perceive 2D images but were not able to use visual cues to indicate 3D image perception. The sample with schooling showed cultural differences, with caucasian samples showing a much higher rate of 3D perception of the images compared with the African groups with similar schooling experience.
Conclusion: Hudson concluded that a there are cultural differences in perception of images in 2D or 3D spaces.
Explain: Deregowski, Muldrow and Muldrow (1972)
“mike Wazowski (Deregowski) and mułły (sully/Muldrow) conducted an experiment to see if a monster’s upbringing age or culture allows them to view pictures of animals differently.”
What?
William and Elizabeth Muldrow (with Deregowski) sought to investigate the recognition of pictures by remote populations. Previous research has shown that remote populations have trouble recognising familiar objects such as animals or people, in pictorial material. This was especially true for older adults and those who had not had exposure to such material before.
finding:
The results showed that the participants were able to recognise correctly, albeit gradually and with a degree of effort, the clearly depicted animals. There was some difference observed between the highland and lowland groups, which may have been due to the lowland groups greater familiarity with some of the animals depicted.
Conclusion: The researchers concluded that perception is. mostly based on the perceivers past experience or familiarity with an object, animal or person, and that this skill can be learnt with effort.
Explain: Grant (1998)
” Grant (fancy person lke Shakespeare) me a proficient way of study, reading in silence and testing in silence or reading in silence and testing in noise is the question”
what? Veronica and colleagues sought to establish whether memory is context-dependent ( whether memory is improved when it is tested in the same environment in which the information was learnt)
findings: performance was found to be better in the match and conditions:
silent reading-silent test & noisy reading-noisy test
then in the mismatched conditions:
silent reading-noisy test and noisy reading-silent test
conclusion: the research is concluded that environmental context appears to be important in the retrieval of nearly learnt meaningful information this finding had implications for students and study environments.
Explain: Pavlov (1897)
” pavlova makes me salivate, and it makes my dog salivate too.”
what?
I don’t was curious about why the dog in his lavatory celebrated whenever he entered the room. To investigate this phenomena Pavlov designed and experiment to present a dog with food through a screen. Have left her presents and the food was ringing a bell ( condition phase).
findings? After a series of trials Pavlov would simply ring the bell without presenting food at all stages of the experiment Pavlov measured the dogs salivary secretions.
he found that the dog would salivate at the ringing of the bell only meaning that the dog had lunch associate the bell with the food have loved devise some key terminology for this phenomena:
- unconditioned stimulus = food
- I unconditioned response = saliva which was caused by the unconditioned stimulus = bell noise
- neutral stimulus = the bell before the response
- conditioned response = saliva to the bell
conclusion?
- through subsequent experimentation, pavlov determined that similar conditioned stimuli (any bell) can cause a response 9generalisation). in some cases, the stimuli were different enough to elect no response (discrimination)
Explain: Skinner (1948)
” those pigeons don’t look like they are getting any skinnier”
what?
Are Skinner studied the behaviour of pigeons in response to reward (reinforcement). Over many studies he developed his theory of operant conditioning and and was mainly interested in the schedule of reinforcement in this particular study Skinner kept his pigeons on a small daily diet so they were always hungry in an experimental box food was dispensed on a set regular timer regardless of the pigeons behaviour.
findings:
Skinner found that the pigeons developed superstitious behaviour what is the action of bird was performing at the time the first dose of food appear with the flapping its wings or bobbing its head it attributed as the cause of the food appearing the pigeon then repeated the behaviour and after the predetermined interval food was dispensed thus the pigeons behaviour was reinforced and the cycle repeated.
conclusion:
His findings were significant because they show that conditioned behaviour can develop even in the absence of any cause and effect relationship between the behaviour and the reinforcer Skinner applied his findings to humans likening this phenomenon to scenarios like a person having rituals for changing one’s luck at cards.
Explain: Milgram (1963)
” Military (milligram) forces cause harm by administering electric shocks”
what?
The aim of this experiment was to investigate what level of obedience would be shown when participants were told by an authority figure to administer electric shocks to another person.
findings:
- the results of the experiment show that of the 40 participants all Obeid up to 300 volts overall 65% of participants gave shocks up to 450 Volts. The other 35% stopped sometime before 450 volts.
conclusion:
- situationally factors are strong influences on human behaviour
humans often make incorrect dispositions or attributes about behaviour
Explain: Zimbardo (1973)
“Zimbardo and the prison experiment”
what?
Class segregation occurred in a prison simulation with prisoners ( low class) and guards (high class) to investigate significant differences in behavioural and emotional interactions with each other the purpose was to investigate mistreatment of the prisoners from guards in association with their class affecting behaviour and emotions.
findings:
Thoughts were found to harass prisoners with pointless tasks for amusement within only hours of the experiment mistreatment occurred prisoners quickly became submissive to the guards and attempted to please them behavioural and emotional change was significant.
conclusion:
People readily conform to their roles assigned a specially to rolls with strong stereotypes (prisoners & guards), supports situational explanation of behaviour.
Explain: Bandura (1961)
“bandura and bobo the clown”
What? The willingness of children and adults to imitate behaviour. Social cognitive theory.
findings:
Pinterest suggests that a number of cognitive and behavioural processes are necessary for learning to occur including attention retention reproduction and motivation.
observers must first attend to the modelled behaviour.
to reproduce an observed behaviour the observer must be able to remember the features of the behaviour.
For reproduction, the observer must simply attempt the behaviour (in some cases it may take the observer many repetitions).
This is where affective feedback can have a great impact the decision to reproduce the behaviour is dependent on the motivation and expectations of the observer.
conclusion:
Social learning theory has undergone several changes as a result of research since 1977 most notably it is now referred to as social cognitive theory.
Explain: Baddeley ( 1974)
what?
In response to Atkinsons insurers model badly and hitch developed an alternative model for the components of short-term memory called the working model of memory
findings
- there were different systems for different types of information that differed from the original model of short-term memory which proposes that all information went into a single store the working model of memory can be applied to real-life tasks such as reading ( phonological loop) problem-solving (Central executive) and navigation (Visual and spatial processing).
conclusion:
- in 2000 and additional components cause the episodic buffer was added the episodic buffer is said to act as a backup store which communicates with both long-term memory and components of short-term memory.
Explain: Watson (1920)
“Wats-in store for little Albert is not ethically ok”
what?
John Watson and Rosalie Reina sorts of investigate whether emotional responses were the result of reflex or conditioning:
can fear of an animal be conditioned?
Can this fear then be transferred to other animals or other objects?
what is the effect of time on the conditioned emotional response?
what laboratory methods can be devised to remove the conditioned emotional response?
findings
- they recruited a child referred to as Albert be his mother was a witness at the Harriet land home for invalid children Albert B was approximately nine months of age at the time of recruitment initially he underwent several tests involving physical and emotional assessments including whether he exhibited any further responses to the trial stimuli which included a white rat a rabbit a dog a monkey masks with and without hair Cottonwool and burning newspapers at no time did Albert be show any fear in any of these situations to test that Albert be could exhibit a fear response to research is produced an unexpected loud sound by striking a hammer on a steel bar Albert be showed normal in for your responses including turning away throwing up his arms and crying.
conclusions:
- the researchers concluded that it is possible that many of the phobias in psychopathology are true conditioned emotional reactions which are either direct or transferred ( i.e learnt from others)
