Case studies Flashcards

1
Q

Multi-Store model of memory

A

(Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1974)

SI to SS encoded to STM and then rehearsed to LTM

retrieval from LTM to STM

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2
Q

STM – now termed Working Memory

A

(Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)

This consists of three components:
- Central Executive: this resembles what we would call ‘attention’
- Phonological Loop: holds information in a speech-based form
- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad: specialised for holding visual and spatial information

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3
Q

Levels of processing

A

Craik & Lockhart (1972) –

  • Depth of encoding determines later memory for information
  • Processing at encoding can be shallow or deep. The greater the processing the meaning of stimuli at encoding the deeper the level of processing and greater likelihood of later storage and retrieval.
  • Importantly Craik & Lockhart disagree that rehearsal will improve LTM as it just repeats previous operation. BUT rehearsal has beneficial effects, but they are small and not for every type of memory e.g., Prospective Memory may not benefit.
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4
Q

Godden and Baddley (1975)- recall

A

Information is better recalled when the individual is in the same state during encoding and retrieval – this includes both the environment and their internal mental state

Godden & Baddely 1975 – Divers learned words on land and underwater – recall was best when the learning environment matched the retrieval environment.

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5
Q

Eye Witness Reports

A

Loftus (1979)

Participants watch a film of an accident, one includes a STOP sign, the other a YIELD sign. Using specific wording, you can change people’s memory:
‘How big was the stop sign by the road?’
The participant won’t remember the fact that they saw a yield sign
‘How fast were the cars going when they smashed in to each other?’
Participants will recall the cars were going faster than they actually were

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6
Q

Milgrams 1963 1974

A

Obedience

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7
Q

Sheriff 1935

A

Conformity- light

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8
Q

Asch 1951

A

Conformity- line

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9
Q

Teunissan el al 2012

A

Conformity- dutch boys online e confederates

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10
Q

Moscovici et al., 1969

A

minority influence- green blue slides

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11
Q

Turner et al., 1997

A

dual process dependancey model
- informational influence- resulting in private acceptance
- normative influence- results in public complience

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12
Q

Eagly and Chaiken, 1993 1998

A

3 component model of attituudes
- cognitive
- affective
- behavioural

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13
Q

Linkert 1932

A

strongly agree/ disagree scale for attitudes

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14
Q

LaPiere 1934

A

attitudes- chinese discrimination

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15
Q

Katz 1960

A

4 functions of attitudes
- Knowledge
- instrumentality
- ego defence
- value expressiveness

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16
Q

Manstead et al., 1983

A

breastfeed
intention behaviuor and attitude

17
Q

Fishbein and Ajzen 1974

A

Theory of reasoned action for attitudes

18
Q

Michie et al., 2011

19
Q

Johnson and Johnson 1987

A

7 factors in group definitions

20
Q

Latane et al., 1979

A

social loafing

21
Q

Tversky and Kahneman 1972

A

Cab- judgement

22
Q

Simon 1957

A

Satisficing

23
Q

Thorndike 1898

24
Q

Kounios and Beeman 2014

25
Maier 1931
Rope - facilitating insight to problem solving
26
Dunker 1945
Candle - fuctional fixedness
27
Luchins 1942
Water jug- mental set
28
Wallas 1926
4 stages of creative process - prep - incubation - inhibition - verification
29
Newell and Simon 1972
Problem space theory - serial - limited cap of STM - retrieval of LTM
30
Anderson et al., 2000
ACT-R- adaptive control of thought rational theory - Retrieval- inf ventrolat pfc - imaginal- Post parietal cortex - goal- ant cingulate - procedural- caudate nuc
31
Broadbent 1958
Filter theory attention
32
Treisman
parallel processing- shadow ears attenuation theory
33
sperling 1960
iconic memory
34
Raymond et al 1992
the attentional blink- target 1 target 2