Case studies Flashcards
Multi-Store model of memory
(Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1974)
SI to SS encoded to STM and then rehearsed to LTM
retrieval from LTM to STM
STM – now termed Working Memory
(Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)
This consists of three components:
- Central Executive: this resembles what we would call ‘attention’
- Phonological Loop: holds information in a speech-based form
- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad: specialised for holding visual and spatial information
Levels of processing
Craik & Lockhart (1972) –
- Depth of encoding determines later memory for information
- Processing at encoding can be shallow or deep. The greater the processing the meaning of stimuli at encoding the deeper the level of processing and greater likelihood of later storage and retrieval.
- Importantly Craik & Lockhart disagree that rehearsal will improve LTM as it just repeats previous operation. BUT rehearsal has beneficial effects, but they are small and not for every type of memory e.g., Prospective Memory may not benefit.
Godden and Baddley (1975)- recall
Information is better recalled when the individual is in the same state during encoding and retrieval – this includes both the environment and their internal mental state
Godden & Baddely 1975 – Divers learned words on land and underwater – recall was best when the learning environment matched the retrieval environment.
Eye Witness Reports
Loftus (1979)
Participants watch a film of an accident, one includes a STOP sign, the other a YIELD sign. Using specific wording, you can change people’s memory:
‘How big was the stop sign by the road?’
The participant won’t remember the fact that they saw a yield sign
‘How fast were the cars going when they smashed in to each other?’
Participants will recall the cars were going faster than they actually were
Milgrams 1963 1974
Obedience
Sheriff 1935
Conformity- light
Asch 1951
Conformity- line
Teunissan el al 2012
Conformity- dutch boys online e confederates
Moscovici et al., 1969
minority influence- green blue slides
Turner et al., 1997
dual process dependancey model
- informational influence- resulting in private acceptance
- normative influence- results in public complience
Eagly and Chaiken, 1993 1998
3 component model of attituudes
- cognitive
- affective
- behavioural
Linkert 1932
strongly agree/ disagree scale for attitudes
LaPiere 1934
attitudes- chinese discrimination
Katz 1960
4 functions of attitudes
- Knowledge
- instrumentality
- ego defence
- value expressiveness
Manstead et al., 1983
breastfeed
intention behaviuor and attitude
Fishbein and Ajzen 1974
Theory of reasoned action for attitudes
Michie et al., 2011
COM-B
Johnson and Johnson 1987
7 factors in group definitions
Latane et al., 1979
social loafing
Tversky and Kahneman 1972
Cab- judgement
Simon 1957
Satisficing
Thorndike 1898
Cat <3
Kounios and Beeman 2014
Insight
Maier 1931
Rope - facilitating insight to problem solving
Dunker 1945
Candle - fuctional fixedness
Luchins 1942
Water jug- mental set
Wallas 1926
4 stages of creative process
- prep
- incubation
- inhibition
- verification
Newell and Simon 1972
Problem space theory
- serial
- limited cap of STM
- retrieval of LTM
Anderson et al., 2000
ACT-R- adaptive control of thought rational theory
- Retrieval- inf ventrolat pfc
- imaginal- Post parietal cortex
- goal- ant cingulate
- procedural- caudate nuc
Broadbent 1958
Filter theory attention
Treisman
parallel processing- shadow ears
attenuation theory
sperling 1960
iconic memory
Raymond et al 1992
the attentional blink- target 1 target 2
