case studies

Question 1

Mexico to USA Migration stream: causes

Answer 1

-one of largest in last 50 years
- labour migration, 30% of legal, half of unathorised immigration to USA
Because of gaps in
- Avarage Income
- Quiality of life
- Unemployment
- Growth of labour force
- Surges in 1920s and 1950s,mass migration since 20th C
Up to 500 000 ppl/year
- 2013, 11.6 million Mexicans, 1980 2.2 in USA
- factors: Proximity to border, Already established Mexican community, Need for labour force, Order of assimilation: economic, social, political, Mexicans find it easy to assimilate in america
- 1980s high pop growth and economic crisis lead to rise in illegal migration, mostly worked in low paid service jobs, 2.7 million foreigners legalised, 85% Mexican

Question 2

impact on America

Answer 2

Federation for american immigration reform:: Low skilled incomers
- Have negative environmental effects
- Undermine opportunities for low skilled US ppl
- Threaten established US cultures
-IRCA 1986, penalties to knowing hire of illegal migrant
- during war: worker shortage: guest workers (braceros) invited in, kept wages low for farmers

Question 3

impact on Mexico

Answer 3

• High value of remittances, 22 billion dollars in 2013, 2% of GDP, only exceeded by oil export
• Reduced unemployment pressure
• Lower p on housing and services
• Changes in population structure
• Loss of skilled and enterprising people
• Returning migrants w changed values and attitudes
• Women and children perform agricultural work, leaving had bad affect on their psychological health
• Abandoned farm lands

Question 4

forced migration

Answer 4

• United Nations High Commission for Refugees: UNHCR
• Worldwide 42.5 M ppl forcibly displaced, 15.4 refugees

Question 5

push and pull factors of Brazil

Answer 5

Rural urban migration:
- The mechanisation of agriculture has reduced the demand for farm labour in most parts of the country
- Farms and estates have been amalgamated, particularly by agriculture production companies, in brazilm as elsewhere in Latin America, the high incidence of landlessness has led to a much greater level of rural urban migration than in most parts of Africa and Asia
- Conditions of rural employment are generally poor, employers often ignore laws of minimal wages and rights
- desertification in NE and deforestation in N
- Significant unemployment and underemployment
- Poor social conditions, housing health and education

Pull:
- greater likelihood of payed employment, developing skils in informal sector opens up opportunities in formak
- Greater proximity to healthcare and education services - esp migrants w children
- Greater access to retail services, competition results in lower prices,
- Cultural and social attractions
Access to internet services, imp to young