5.1 migration as a component of population change Flashcards
chain migration
involves a movement to places where people they know already live, each new migrant migrant makes it more likely for ppl from origin to follow
- may be age/gender selective
- assistance is given by previous migrants like info, money, accommodation
- Indian communities in Britain
stepped migration
a series of movements, breaking down a longer distance, migrant spends time in a place to gain info, experience, capita to for example move up the urban hierarchy
- Italy to EU
relay migration
one member of a family moved for a while to find work and support dependants back home, after a while migrant returns and another leaves to replace
- Malaysia to Hong Kong as maids
international forced migration
between countries across borders, involuntary eg conflict or natural disaster, no element of choice, population movement for one year or more
W Peterson’s 1958 classification
primitive, impelled, forced, mass, free
the Harris-Todaro Model (neo-classical)
- rural-urban
- decision to move to city is rational individual
- even period of unemployment, more likely to choose better long term
stark’s new economics of migration
- whole households over individual make decisions
- decisions, benefits, risks are shared
- action by individual impacts all
marxist/structuralist theory
M:
- workers should be most powerful: forced to move by owners of means of productions if want to improve
- critical of fixed idea of borders creating inequality
S:
- capitalism has a big influence on migrant labour: benefits massively
- workers from abroad don’t have to be given the same rights
- much of cost borne by periphery country
structuration theory
- tries to blend overall macro-level economic ideas with individual macro-level economics
- individual’s reasons + large structural and cultural factors
- although there is a system ppl still have room to make own choices
gender analyses
- migration is different for women and men
- associated issues created such as gender discrimination and uneven movements
push factors
- low income
- housing shortage
- natural disaster
- adverse climate
- discrimination
- high taxes
- unemployment
- overpopulation
- crime /unsafety
- poor health care
- war/ oppression
- corruption
- famine
pull factors
- job prospects
- high wages
- improved housing
- high standard of living
- attractive environment
- amenities
- good health care and education
- strong economic growth
- technology
- low cost of living
- family/friends/networks
- rights and freedoms
- property rights
- law and order
the role of constraints, obstacles and barriers
laws:
-most countries have no laws on internal migration
-immigration laws present the major barrier in international migration
- prior 1914: no laws, 1914-45: concern, racist policies, 1945: EU labor shortage: encouragement
cost:
- closing up at point of origin, LIC: small monetary, high personal value, HIC: estate agents, legal fees, possessions below market value
- cost of movement: transport, time
- opening up at point of destination: HIC: stamp duty, estate, legal fees, employer may pay
how borders affect migration
- closed / open, permeable to illegal migrants , how well protected and defended by surveillance and hard engineering
- passports/visas
- EU freedom of movement
- US green cards
physical and human dangers of migration
- physical: flood, drought, landslide, crossing water bodies
- human: hostility, ethnic tensions
