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Coastal Systems and Landscapes > Case Studies > Flashcards

Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the case studies for this topic?

A
  • Odisha

- Swanage and Studland

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2
Q

Where is Odisha?

A

It is a state on the south-east coast of India, bordering the Bay of Bengal

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3
Q

Facts about Odisha’s size in relation to other Indian states

A
  • It is India’s 9th largest state by area

- It is India’s 11th largest state by population

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4
Q

What is the coastline of Odisha like?

A

It is relatively straight, with few natural inlets and harbours

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5
Q

How long is Odisha’s coastline?

A

480km long

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6
Q

How many major deltas are there on the Odisha coast?

A

6 major deltas

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7
Q

How much mangrove forest can be found along the Odisha coast?

A

1435 km squared

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8
Q

What are the 3 major coastal ecological environments on this stretch of coastline?

A
  • the 6 deltas
  • the lagoon (Chilika lake)
  • the 1435 km squared of mangrove forest area
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9
Q

Chilika lake

A

A brackish, salty lagoon, covering an area of 1,165 km squared with a water volume of 4 km cubed.

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10
Q

What is Chilika lake a good example of?

A

A temporary store in the water cycle

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11
Q

When is the monsoon season in India?

A

From June - September

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12
Q

What happens to Chilika lake in the monsoon season?

A

It becomes less saline, being diluted by the freshwater rainfall and it occupies a larger area than the rest of the year.

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13
Q

What does ICZM stand for?

A

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

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14
Q

How many species are in the mangroves found in Odisha?

A

More than 82 species

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15
Q

What is the Odisha coast subject to?

A

Severe weather events, such as cyclones and super-cyclones

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16
Q

What extreme weather events affect the Odisha coastline?

A

Cyclones and super-cyclones

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17
Q

How much of the mangrove ecosystem has been lost globally?

A

Around 35% of mangrove forests have disappeared in the last 30 years.

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18
Q

How many species are found in the Chilika lake bird sanctuary?

A

Over 150 species of birds

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19
Q

Does Odisha receive lots of rainfall and what is the effect of this?

A

Yes, resulting in huge waves (leading to coastal flooding) and strong winds

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20
Q

Why are tropical storms getting more frequent and intense?

A

Because of climate change

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21
Q

How many tropical fish are born in mangroves?

A

3/4 of all tropical fish

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22
Q

What is coral reef health dependent on?

A

Mangroves

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23
Q

What do mangroves have a symbiotic relationship with?

A

Coral reefs

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24
Q

How do mangroves and coral reefs have a symbiotic relationship?

A
  • mangroves take out toxic things
  • coral reefs are sensitive and require really pure water
  • mangroves take things out so coral reefs can survive
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25
Q

What type of water is needed by coral reefs?

A

Really pure water

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26
Q

What do coral reefs need?

A

Mangroves, although this isn’t necessarily the other way around

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27
Q

What is Odisha a vulnerable community towards?

A

Storm surges and climate change

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28
Q

What is the Odisha coast becoming more susceptible to?

A

Erosion

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29
Q

Why is the Odisha coast becoming more susceptible to erosion?

A

Because when you put management in one place, the problem often shifts down the coastline

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30
Q

Where is the main area of erosion in Odisha?

A

In the south

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31
Q

Where is the main area of accretion/deposition in Odisha?

A

In the Bay of Bengal (more north-east?)

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32
Q

Give some organisations who are trying to make the coastline of Odisha more resilient to climate change

A
  • The Union Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Climate Change
  • The World Bank
  • the government of Odisha
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33
Q

What cyclone was Odisha affected by in October 2013?

A

Cyclone Phailin

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34
Q

When did Cyclone Phailin strike Odisha?

A

In October 2013

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35
Q

What did the wind speeds from Cyclone Phailin reach?

A

200 km/h

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36
Q

How many people were evacuated because of Cyclone Phailin?

A

Over one million people were evacuated from the areas deemed to be at greatest risk

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37
Q

How many people died in Odisha due to Cyclone Phailin?

A

44 people

38
Q

How many agricultural crops were destroyed by Cyclone Phailin?

A

Around 500,000 ha of agricultural crops

39
Q

What were the economic losses of Cyclone Phailin?

A

Close to $700,000

40
Q

Why does replanting mangroves help to reduce the risk of coastal flooding?

A
  • wind and swell waves are rapidly reduced as they pass through the mangroves, lessening wave damage during storms
  • their above-ground, tangled roots reduce wave energy, meaning there is a natural barrier protecting against coastal flooding
  • maintaining wide mangrove belts presents obstacles to incoming waves, therefore, lessening wave energy
41
Q

Fact about mangroves reducing the height of waves after a short distance

A

A wave may be reduced to half its height after 100m passage through the mangroves

42
Q

Fact about how mangrove belts several hundred metres wide reduce tsunami height

A

Mangrove belts several hundred metres wide have been shown to reduce tsunami height by between 5 and 30%, which lessens the impact on the land.

43
Q

Population of Odisha (2014)

A

43.73 million

44
Q

What does SMP stand for?

A

Shoreline Management Plan

45
Q

How many sediment cells are there in England and Wales?

A

11

46
Q

What are the 4 options within SMPs for any stretch of coastline in the UK?

A
  • hold the line
  • advance the line
  • managed retreat
  • no active intervention
47
Q

Hold the line

A

Maintaining the current position of the coastline (often by using hard engineering methods)

48
Q

Advance the line

A

Extending the coastline out to sea (by encouraging the build-up of a wider beach, using beach nourishment methods and groyne construction)

49
Q

Managed retreat

A

Allowing the coastline to retreat in a managed way (e.g., creating salt-marsh environments by deliberately breaching flood banks that protect low-quality farmland)

50
Q

No active intervention

A

Letting nature take its course and allowing the sea to erode cliffs, flood low-lying land and allowing existing defences to collapse

51
Q

What do ICZMs do?

A

This is the process of bringing together everybody, they try to balance the conflicts and come up with strategies looking at the whole picture (don’t just look at costs)

52
Q

What is Odisha’s coast subject to?

A
  • extreme tidal variations. Sea levels have been known to rise by about 4m in certain stretches, inundating up to 3km of coastal land.
  • a strong littoral drift, causing an estimated 1.5 million tons of sand to move from the southwest to northeast in a year.
53
Q

What endangered species come to nest on some of Odisha’s beaches?

A

Olive Ridley sea turtles

54
Q

What is being done to conserve the Olive Ridley sea turtles in Odisha?

A
  • awareness is being raised among local people
  • community members are being trained and armed to function as boatmen and guards to prevent poaching of the turtles
  • there is a ban on fishing during the Olive Ridley breeding season
55
Q

Aside from Olive Ridley turtles, give a species that the ICZM project is trying to increase in Odisha

A

Crocodiles

56
Q

How much has the crocodile population risen in Odisha?

A

There has been a rise from 8 in 1975 to more than 1,600 today.

57
Q

Shoreline Management Plan

A

A Shoreline Management Plan is a policy document that provides a strategy for coastal defence along a defined section of coastline

58
Q

Where is Swanage and Studland located?

A

In the south of England

59
Q

Is the coastline concordant or discordant in Swanage and Studland?

A
  • concordant coastline on the south

- discordant coastline on the eastern side

60
Q

Does Swanage or Studland have sand dunes?

A

Studland

61
Q

What does the presence of sand dunes mean for the management strategies in Studland?

A

They have to be more natural

62
Q

Does Swanage or Studland have more economic value?

A

Swanage, because of the towns there

63
Q

What hard engineering features did Swanage used to have?

A

Groynes and a sea wall

64
Q

Why were gabions implemented at Swanage?

A

Because the beach had basically disappeared, which wasn’t good for tourism

65
Q

What features were put in place for Swanage?

A
  • built 19 timber groynes along the sand
  • replenished beach with 160,000 tons of sand
  • stabilised erosion, leading to a bigger beach
66
Q

Why wasn’t Swanage left as a No Active Intervention area?

A

Because it is a settlement and the value of the land is quite high

67
Q

Where is Swanage close to?

A

Poole Harbour and Bournemouth

68
Q

How many visitors do Studland’s beaches attract a day?

A

Up to 25 000

69
Q

What percentage of visitors come to Studland by car?

A

90%

70
Q

Are there problems with traffic congestion in Studland?

A

Yes, on busy days, car parks are often full by 11am

71
Q

What is the biggest factor bringing people to Studland?

A

The beach (also popular because of Old Harry Rocks, it’s near Poole Harbour too)

72
Q

Poole Harbour size

A

2nd biggest natural harbour in the world

73
Q

How many boats can Poole Harbour get on a busy day?

A

Up to 300 boats

74
Q

Give a reptile that can be found on the sand dunes at Studland

A

Adders (a type of snake)

75
Q

When was Poole Harbour formed?

A

This is a large, natural harbour which is a drowned valley formed at the end of the last ice age. It is the estuary of several rivers, the largest being the Frome.

76
Q

What is Europe’s largest natural harbour?

A

Poole Harbour

77
Q

Has Poole harbour been reducing or increasing in size?

A

Reducing

78
Q

Why has Poole Harbour been reducing in size?

A

Because of trapped sediment in mudflats and salt marshes

79
Q

What is Swanage at risk from?

A

Erosion and land instability

80
Q

How many properties would erosion and land instability affect in Swanage if no action was taken?

A

Around 100 properties

81
Q

Where in Swanage is the town centre?

A

At the south end of the bay

82
Q

Where is there protection in Swanage?

A

In Swanage, the town centre has protection in place (this is in the south end of the bay), but in the north end of the bay where there is agricultural land, there is no protection in place.

83
Q

What has Swanage seen an increase of in the last 20 years?

A

Coastal flooding as a result of sea level rise and high tides overtopping the sea wall. This makes flooding of the lower high street commonplace.

84
Q

What has the flooding of the lower high street in Swanage resulted in?

A

An increased cost to local people through loss of business

85
Q

If sea level rises by 50 cm in Swanage, what are the cost of sea defences in this area thought to increase to?

A

£6-15 million/km

86
Q

Give an example of when Studland suffered significant erosion

A

10m of cliff was lost on one night in February 2014

87
Q

What is thought to happen by 2050 in Studland?

A

That the whole area to the North of Studland will be below sea level by 2050.

88
Q

How many properties are at risk from flooding in Studland?

A

Just 8 properties, so there are no active sea defences in this area.

89
Q

How much is Sandbanks receding at a year?

A

0.6 m/year

90
Q

How much salt marsh captures how much carbon a year?

A

1 hectare of salt marsh captures 2 tonnes of carbon/year

91
Q

How much carbon do the Studland salt marshes capture a year?

A

95 tonnes of carbon a year

Coastal Systems and Landscapes (5 decks)

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