case SBA questions Flashcards

1
Q

describe features of chest pain that would increase your suspicion that it is cardiac in origin

A
  • Central or left
  • Crushing in nature
  • Radiating to the left arm or jaw
  • Associated with any of the following: palpitations, sweating, nausea
  • Associated with exercise in a predictable fashion, then improves after several minutes of rest
  • Improves with nitrates
  • Non-tender chest wall
  • No association with inspiration
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2
Q

what are the five main risk factors associated with ischaemic heart disease?

A
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Hypertension
  • Hypercholesterolaemia
  • Physical inactivity
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3
Q

define ischaemia

A

reduction/restriction of blood flow (and therefore oxygen) in a part of the body

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4
Q

describe conditions that can arise as a result of atheroma

A
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Cerebrovascular disease – including carotid atheroma and embolus causing transient ischaemic attack and stroke, vertebral artery occlusion and vascular dementia
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Aortic aneurysm
  • Renal artery stenosis
  • Mesenteric ischaemia
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5
Q

describe how an ‘inferior’ myocardial infarction can cause heart block

A

inferior myocardial infarction = infarction of the right coronary artery territory

  • right coronary artery supplies the inferior aspect of the heart anatomically
  • when blocked causes ischaemic changes in the inferior electrocardiogram leads (II, III, aVF)
  • AV node is usually supplied by the right coronary artery and when infarcted can lead to heart block
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6
Q

which structure of the conducting system of the heart passes through the septomarginal trabecula?

A

right bundle branch

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7
Q

why might inspiration “split” the second heart sound?

A

aortic valve closes before pulmonary valve due to increased venous return to the right side of the heart (leading to slightly longer ventricular emptying time)

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8
Q

which is the most severe congenital heart defect?

A

Transposition of great arteries

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9
Q

which structure forms the flexible membranous component of the septum in atrial septation?

A

septum primum

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10
Q

name the part of the embryonic germ layers from which the heart develops

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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11
Q

describe the surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus

A

The sinus facilitates the clamping of the pulmonary trunk and aorta in coronary bypass grafting

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12
Q

which component of the cardiac conduction system is responsible for the PR interval?

A

AV node

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13
Q

where is the AV bundle located?

A

membranous interventricular septum

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14
Q

what may result due to abnormal reabsorption of the septum primum?

A

patent foramen ovale

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