Case Marking Particles Flashcards
ཀྱི་
The 6th (Genetive) Case used in words ending with suffixes ད་ བ་ ས་
གི་
The 6th (Genetive) Case used in words ending with suffixes ག་ ང་
གྱི་
The 6th (Genetive) Case used in words ending with suffixes ན་ མ་ ར་ ལ་
ི
The 6th (Genetive) Case, added to words ending in suffix འ་
འི་
The 6th (Genetive) Case, added to the root of words having no suffix.
ཡི་
The 6th (Genetive) Case used after words ending in suffix འ་ or having no suffix.
གིས་
The 3rd (instrumental/Agentive) Case used in words ending with suffixes ག་ ང་
ཀྱིས་
The 3rd (instrumental/Agentive) Case used in words ending with suffixes ད་ བ་ ས་
གྱིས་
The 3rd (instrumental/Agentive) Case used in words ending with suffixes ན་ མ་ ར་ ལ་
ས་
The 3rd (instrumental/Agentive) Case used to replace suffix འ་ or is added directly to the root of words having no suffix
ཡིས་
The 3rd (instrumental/Agentive) Case used after suffix འ་ or after words having no suffix. NOTE: Sometimes ཡིས་ is used instead of ས་, most often in a verse where an extra syllable is needed for the purpose of meter.
No Particle
The 1st case (Nominative) and 8th case (Vocative) do not use a particle
ལ
La Dön (ལ་དོན་) Particle used in 2nd case (Accusative), 4th case (Dative), and 7th case (Locative). Can be used after any suffix or no suffix. NOTE: Spoken Tibetan almost always uses ལ when using a ལ་དོན་ particle.
ན
La Dön (ལ་དོན་) Particle used in the 7th case (Locative) only. Can be used after any suffix or with no suffix.
སུ
La Dön (ལ་དོན་) Particle used in 2nd case (Accusative), 4th case (Dative), and 7th case (Locative) after the suffix ས
ཏུ
La Dön (ལ་དོན་) Particle used in 2nd case (Accusative), 4th case (Dative), and 7th case (Locative) after the suffixes ག་ བ་ and second suffix ད་
རུ
La Dön (ལ་དོན་) Particle used in 2nd case (Accusative), 4th case (Dative), and 7th case (Locative) after the suffix འ་ or after words with no suffix.
དུ
La Dön (ལ་དོན་) Particle used in 2nd case (Accusative), 4th case (Dative), and 7th case (Locative) after the suffixes ང་ ད་ ན་ མ་ ར་ ལ་
ར
La Dön (ལ་དོན་) Particle used in 2nd case (Accusative), 4th case (Dative), and 7th case (Locative), used to replace suffix འ་ or is added directly to the root of words with no suffix
ནས་
5th case (Ablative), used regardless of suffix to separate or specify similar things or to express inclusion.
ལས་
5th case (Ablative), used regardless of suffix to separate or specify dissimilar things.
The 1st Case
The Nominative Case. Subject of an intransitive sentence, or direct object of a transitive sentence, etc.
The 2nd Case
The Accusative/Objective Case. Direct object of some verbs, place where action occurs, destination of verb of motion, etc.
The 3rd Case
The Instrumental/Agentive Case. Subject of a transitive verb, the means by which action is done, the doer or cause of an action, the reason for an action, etc.
The 4th Case
The Dative Case. The beneficiary of, or purpose for an action, etc.
The 5th Case
The Ablative Case. The source of something of means by which something is done, etc.
The 6th Case
The Genetive Case. Connection between nouns and pronouns, adjectives, and nouns, apposition, etc.
The 7th Case
The Locative Case. Place or time where someone or something exists of lives, the possessor, etc.
The 8th Case
The Vocative Case. Interjections or calling to someone
