Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSPH Y2 > Case Control Studies > Flashcards

Case Control Studies Flashcards

1
Q

How are case control studies carried out

A

Identify cases -> identify similar individuals without disease /controls -> determine previous exposure -> relate exposure and disease info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where can cases for case control studies be found

A

Disease registry
Hospital recruitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is there usually more cases or more controls in a case control study

A

Controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are patients and controls matched

A

Decr impact of confounders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why can overmatching effect results negatively

A

Case and control may not differ in exposure of interest, eg siblings both effected by parental smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of bias in case control studies

A

Recall bias
Reverse causality
Selection of cases
Selection of controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Recall bias

A

differences in the accuracy or completeness of the recollections retrieved by study participants regarding events or experiences from the past.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reverse causality

A

direction of cause-and-effect contrary to a common presumption or to a two-way causal relationship
Disease causes changes in recent exposures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cohort study case control study difference

A

cohort study is concerned with frequency of disease in exposed and non-exposed individuals, the case-control study is concerned with the frequency and amount of exposure in subjects with a specific disease (cases) and people without the disease (controls)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are cohort studies or case control studies better for rare diseases

A

Case control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does a Nested case control study differ from a regular case control study

A

Cohort defined before identifying is individuals have disease or not in nested case control
Nested case controls require samples to be stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is a cohort study or case control study better for a rare exposure

A

Cohort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are case control studies or cohort studies quicker

A

Case control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is recall bias more of a problem in cohort or case control studies

A

Case control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why can relative risk not be calculated in a case control study

A

Number with and without disease selected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of disease is relative risk approximately equal to odds ratio in

A

Rare disease

17
Q

How is odds ratio calculated

A

Odds exposure in cases / odds exposure in controls

18
Q

How can confounding variables be adjusted for in cohort studies

A

Logistic regression

19
Q

Can risk be calculated in a case control study

A

No

20
Q

How is absolute excess risk calculated

A

Risk in exposed - risk in unexposed

21
Q

What does incidence in population attributable to exposure/ incidence in population calculate

A

Attributable proportion

22
Q

How are incidence in population and incidence in population attributable to exposure calculated

A

Attributable to exposure - proportion exposed (relative risk-1)
Total incidence - 1+proportion exposed (relative risk - 1)

23
Q

Cross sectional study

A

Measure existing disease and current exposure and 1 point in time

24
Q

What are cross sectional studies used to assess

A

Exposure that won’t change - eg sex
Prevalence rate
Exposure rate

25
Q

Disadvantages of cross sectional studies

A

Not useful for rare diseases
Not useful for diseases with short duration
Bias if responders and non responders differ
Can’t assess causality

26
Q

Why can causality not be assessed in a cross sectional study

A

No follow up

27
Q

What is usually used to collect data in a cross sectional study

A

Questionnaire

28
Q

Which studies have the highest risk of bias and confounding out of clinical trials, cohort studies, case control studies, and cross sectional studies

A

Cross sectional -> case control -> cohort -> clinical trial
Most to least likely to have bias and confounding

29
Q

Which studies give the strongest proof of causality out of clinical trial, cohort studies, case control studies, and cross sectional studies

A

Cross sectional -> case control -> cohort -> clinical
Increasing strength of proof of causality

30
Q

What can cause incorrect associations between an exposure and a disease

A

Bias
Reverse causality
Confounding
Incorrect analysis
Chance

31
Q

What is used to assess whether there is a causal relationship between an exposure and a disease

A

Bradford hill criteria

32
Q

Aspects of Bradford hill criteria

A

Association strength
Dose response
Time sequence - exposure precedes outcome
Consistency of findings in other population
Biological plausibility
Coherence of evidence w other study types
Reversibility

HSPH Y2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions