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Disease & prevention > Case 9 Diabetes > Flashcards

Case 9 Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A
  • condition where insulin that pancreas makes can’t work properly, or your pancreas can’t make enough insulin.
  • This means your blood glucose (sugar) levels keep rising.
  • most common type of diabetes
  • if left untreated = complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, etc.
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2
Q

What are the long term complications of diabetes?

A
  • CVDs
  • Eye disease: blindness, blurry vision, etc.
  • Nerve damage
  • foot problems
  • skin problems
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3
Q

Why do diabetics have a higher risk for developing CVDs?

A
  • high blood sugar can damage blood vessels & nerves that control your heart.
  • High BP increases force of blood through arteries & can damage artery walls.
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4
Q

Explain nerve damage as a long term complication for T2DM

A

can result in neuropathy = numbness, tingling, pain in feet and hands

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5
Q

Explain foot problems as a long term complication for T2DM

A

diabetes can cause poor circulation & nerve damage in feet = increasing risk of foot ulcers and infections can lead to amputations.

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6
Q

Explain skin problems as a long term complication for T2DM

A

eople with diabetes are at higher risk of developing skin infections and other conditions, such as fungal infections, bacterial infections and itching

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7
Q

Explain skin problems as a long term complication for T2DM

A

eople with diabetes are at higher risk of developing skin infections and other conditions, such as fungal infections, bacterial infections and itching

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8
Q

What is the prevalence of complications?

A
  • vary depending on age, duration of diabetes
  • Due to economic development, ageing, changing demographics, changing lifestyle & urbanisation = incidence of diabetes increasing in developing countries.
  • CVD represents main cause of morbidity & mortality in subjects with T2DM in whom it occurs roughly 15 years earlier than in people without diabetes.
  • Age at diagnosis of diabetes is decreasing but overall prevalence increasing.
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9
Q

What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Unhealthy lifestyle
  • Age: the risk increases as a person gets older, particularly after age of 45
  • Family history: at higher risk of developing T2DM
  • Obesity or being overweight
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
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10
Q

What are the risk factors of the complications?

A
  • Smoking
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • risk factor for neuropathy = age
  • Poorly controlled blood sugar (higher blood sugar levels over long period = increase risk of developing complications
  • Duration of diabetes: longer diabetes = higher risk of developing complications
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11
Q

What is prevention of the complications?

A
  • Manage blood sugar levels
  • Monitoring blood pressure
  • Control cholesterol levels
  • No smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet
  • Exercising → Insulin resistance - when exercise, insulin resistance reduces & glucose uptake and utilisation is better. If not enough then get medication.
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12
Q

What is self management?

A
  • activities & behaviours an individual undertakes to control & treat own condition
  • Degree of self-management depends on patient related factors & health behaviours.
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13
Q

What is self management education?

A
  • allows patients to identify problems & provides techniques to help patients make decisions, take appropriate actions.
  • patient-generated short-term action plan.
  • Action plan of 1 - 2 weeks & developed by patients as something they want to do, not by the healthcare professionals.
  • Important for success: relationships among patients & health care providers, friends & family members.
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14
Q

What are the central concepts in self management?

A
  • self efficacy - confidence to carry out a behaviour necessary to reach a desired goal. (do this by creating action plan together with doctor = more motivation to achieve goal)
  • Patient empowerment → concept that patients accept responsibility to manage their own conditions and are encouraged to solve their own problems with information, but not orders from professionals.
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15
Q

What are barriers that limit the implementation of self-management education?

A
  • lack of trained personel
  • insurance companies fail to reimburse self management education (in NL atleast)
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16
Q

What are personal barriers for self management?

A
  • Environmental barriers
  • Poor access to fitness, recreational facilities and grocery stores that sell fresh fruits, etc.
  • Neighbourhood safety / violence
17
Q

How can you self manage diabetes?

A
  • Education and support system
  • Exercise regularly
  • Stress management
  • Monitor blood sugar,
  • Take medication as prescribed
  • Have feet and legs checked
  • Have kidney function monitored
18
Q

What are challenges with self-management?

A
  • dealing with symptoms & disability
  • monitoring physical indicators
  • maintaining proper levels of nutrition, diet & exercise
  • adjusting to psychological & social demands, including difficult lifestyle adjustments
  • engaging in effective interactions with health care providers
19
Q

What are challenges with self-management?

A
  • dealing with symptoms and disability
  • monitoring physical indicators
  • managing complex medication schedules
  • maintaining proper levels of nutrition, diet, and exercise
  • adjusting to the psychological and social demands, including difficult lifestyle adjustments
  • engaging in effective interactions with health care providers
20
Q

What are benefits of self-management of diabetes?

A
  • Reduces healthcare costs
  • Enhances self efficacy
  • Empowerment
  • Improves quality of life and lifestyle behaviors
  • Decreases prevalence of diabetes and its complications
21
Q

What is traditional patient education?

A
  • Traditional care, medical professionals may blame patients for their shortcomings e.g. not taking pills = own fault.
  • Patients with diabetes gain information about diet, exercise and medications nd learn the technical skill of blood glucose monitoring. Health care professionals decide what information and skills to teach.
22
Q

What is the difference between taditional patient care and self-management education?

A
  • traditional patient education offers information and technical skills
  • self-management education teaches problem-solving skills
23
Q

What are the tasks faced by people with chronic conditions?

A
  • Medical management of the condition e.g. taking meds, changing diet, or self-monitoring blood sugar
  • Creating and maintaining new meaningful life roles regarding jobs, family and friends
  • Coping with the anger, fear, frustration and sadness of having a chronic condition.
24
Q

What are the 15 healthcare essentials of diabetes?

A
  1. blood glucose levels measured
  2. BP measured
  3. blood fats measured
  4. eyes screened for signs of retinopathy
  5. feet and legs checked
  6. kidney function monitored annually
  7. individual, ongoing dietary advice
  8. emotional and psychological support
  9. group education course
  10. help with managing diabetes by specialist diabetes healthcare professionals
  11. flu vaccination
  12. recieve high-quality care if admitted to hospital
  13. opportunity to talk aboiut any sexual problems
  14. support and advice on how to quit smoking
  15. specialised care if planning to have a baby.
25
Q

What are the 5 core processes of self management?

A
  1. problem solving
  2. decision making
  3. resource utilisation
  4. partnerships with healthcare providers/ self tailoring
  5. taking action
26
Q

What is problem solving in the 5 core processes of self management?

A

involves identifying and solving problems related to management of condition e.g. how to manage blood sugar levels during periods of illness or stress

27
Q

What is decision making in the 5 core processes of self management?

A

making informed decisions about managing the condition, such as choosing the right foods or adjusting medication doses based on blood sugar levels

28
Q

What is resource utilisation in the 5 core processes of self management?

A

involves making effective use of available resources, such as healthcare providers, support groups and technology

29
Q

What is partnerships with healthcare providers / self tailoring in the 5 core processes of self management?

A

involves adapting management strategies to fit individual needs and circumstances, such as adjusting medication doses based on lifestyle changes or personal preferences

30
Q

What is taking action in the 5 core processes of self management?

A

involves setting goals and creating action plans to achieve those goals such as developing a meal plan or exercise routine

31
Q

Which behavioural change techniques are availble and how can they be applied?

A
  • you have to be convinced, positive attitude to changing your lifestyle
  • Goal setting: SMART (setting specific, measurable, achievable goals to stay motivated
  • Self monitoring: regular monitoring of blood sugar levels
  • Feedback
  • Social support
  • Self efficacy & patient empowerment

Disease & prevention (10 decks)

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