Case 4 CVD Flashcards
Define CVD
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term that describes a disease of the heart or blood vessels.
How can blood flow to the heart, brain or body be reduced?
- blood clot (thrombosis)
- build-up of fatty deposits inside an artery, leading to the artery hardening and narrowing (atherosclerosis)
What are the types of CVDs?
- coronary heart disease
- heart failure,
- rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease
- stroke
- congenital heart disease.
What are the risk factors for CVDs?
- Hypertension
- Cigarette smoking & second hand smoking.
- Elevated cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Obesity/overweight
- Physical inactivity
- Family history and genomic
- Glucose levels
Prevalence of key risk factors, varies greatly according to geographical region, gender, and ethnic background
risk factors enhance each others influence.
Why is hypertension a risk factor for CVDs?
- High BP can damage arteries by making them less elastic = decreases flow of blood & oxygen to heart & leads to heart disease
- When high BP for many years = relative risk increases by 2
Why is elevated cholesterol a risk factor for CVD?
- Dyslipidaemia - Increased levels of total & low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol.
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol): Protects you from CVD
- When HDL decrease = increased risk in CVD.
Lower HDL & higher total cholesterol = higher risk of CVD
Why is obesity a risk factor for CVD?
- High waist circumference (obese) = doubling of risk
- Can cause increase in LDL & decrease HDL
- BP rise
- Can lead to diabetes
Why are glucose levels a risk factor for CVD?
- When have diabetes = increased risk.
- Over time, high blood sugar can damage blood vessels & nerves that control your heart
What is primary prevention for CVD?
- timely identification of people at increased risk
- ABCDE approach
- Cigratee smoking prevention & intervention
What is primary prevention aimed at for CVD?
prevention of the risk factors for CVD
What is the ABCDE approach?
- aspirin/antiplatelet therapy (A)
- blood pressure & hypertension (B)
- Cholesterol & dyslipidemia (C)
- diet & nutrititon - lifestyle (D)
- exercise & physical activity (E)
What are the benefits of regular physical activity?
- Healthy blood pressure
- healthy weight
- healthy lipid levels
- low levels of inflmation
- insulin sensitivity
How much physical activity is recomended per week according to the ACBDE approach?
150 minutes per week of moderate intensity physical activity in at least 3–4 sessions per week each lasting approximately 40 minutes, for LDL-C and blood pressure reduction.
What is an example of primary prevention of CVDs using the ABCDE approach?
A pedometer can be an effective tool for intervention with one guideline, for example, recommending walking at least 10,000 steps a day.
Explain the cigarette smoking prevention & intervention for CVDs
5A’s of smoking cessation counselling:
* ‘Ask’ (assess tobacco use at every visit)
* ‘Advise’ (strongly urge quitting)
* ‘Attempt’ (try to identify smokers ready to quit)
* ‘Assist’ (aid the patient in quitting)
* ‘Arrange’ (for follow-up contacts)
- Interventions for smoking are varied & vary per group (youth/adults)
