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Sem 3 > Case 7 > Flashcards

Case 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Initiation and execution of movement

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2
Q

Where are the basal ganglia based?

A

Base of the forebrain

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3
Q

What are the telencephalic elements of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleas, putamen, globus palladus (internal and external)

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4
Q

What is the diencephalic element of the basal ganglia?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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5
Q

What is the mesencephalic element of the basal ganglia?

A

Substantia nigra

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6
Q

What is the name given to the caudate and the putamen together?

A

corpus striatum

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7
Q

what area is target of the cortical input to the basal ganglia?

A

corpus striatum (caudate and putamen)

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8
Q

What part of the basal ganglia is the output to the thalamus?

A

globus palladus

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9
Q

What neurones in the corpus striatum receives input from the cortex?

A

medium spiny neurones

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10
Q

What are the only areas of the cortex that do not project to the corpus striatum?

A

Primary auditory and primary visual

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11
Q

what part of the corpus striatum do the somatosensory and motor cortices project to?

A

putamen

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12
Q

what part of the corpus striatum does the prefrontal cortex project to?

A

caudate

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13
Q

Where do the dopaminergic inputs to the corpus striatum arise from?

A

substantia nigra pars compacta

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter is used for the cortex to the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia?

A

glutamate

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15
Q

where on the medium spiny neurones do the dopaminergic cells synapse

A

the base/shaft of the dendritic spines

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16
Q

What dopamine receptors are part of the D1 receptor family?

A

1 and 5

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17
Q

What dopamine receptors are part of the D2 receptor family?

A

2,3,4

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18
Q

What does stimulating a D1 receptor do to the adenyl cyclase activity?

A

Stimulates adenyl cyclase (increases effect of cortical neurones)

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19
Q

What does stimulating a D2 receptor do to the adenyl cyclase activity?

A

Inhibits (decreases effect of cortical neurones)

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20
Q

What neurotransmitter do the medium spiny neurones use?

A

GABA

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21
Q

What is the MAIN output of the basal ganglia? inhibitory or stimulatory

A

Inhibitory

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22
Q

what are the differences between the two populations of medium spiny neurones?

A

One population expresses D1 (direct pathway) and another expresses D2 (indirect pathway)

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23
Q

What do the medium spiny neurones of the DIRECT pathway synapse onto?

A
  • globus pallidus internal

- substantia nigra pars reticular

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24
Q

What are the normal impulses of the globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticular

A

inhibitory

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25
Q

what happens when the globus pallidus internal and pars reticular are inhibited?

A

They send less impulses - inhibatory impulses - so in effect they become LESS INHIBITORY

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26
Q

where do the globus pallidus internal and pars reticular project to?

A

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamus

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27
Q

what happens when the globus pallidus internal and pars reticular send less inhibitory impulses to the thalamus?

A

the thalamus is able to send more stimulatory impulses to the cortex.

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28
Q

what happens when the globus pallidus internal sends more inhibitory impulses to the thalamus?

A

the thalamus sends less stimulatory to the cortex

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29
Q

What pathway is the globus palidus external involved in?

A

Indirect

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30
Q

what pathway is the subthalamic nucleus involved in?

A

indirect

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31
Q

What does the balance between excitation and inhibition mean of the basal ganglia?

A

They either facilitate or inhibit the descending pathways

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32
Q

What is the dopaminergic pathway called that connects the pars compacta and the basal ganglia?

A

Nigrostriatal pathway

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33
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

acts as a comparator of movement
If there is a mismatch between what the muscles should be doing and what the signals from the muscles show them actually doing, then it sends signals to correct the movement, so that it is performed in a smooth, coordinated fashion

34
Q

What are the gyri called in the cortex of the cerebellum?

A

folia

35
Q

Functionally, what are the three areas of the cerebellum?

A
  • spinocerebellum
  • cerebrocerebellum
  • vestibulocerebellum
36
Q

What is the predominant output pathway of the cerebellum?

A

superior peduncle.

37
Q

What does the superior peduncle go between?

A

Midbrain and posterior lobe of cerebellum

38
Q

What information does the middle cerebellar peduncle carry?

A

Information from the motor cortex about the desired body parts

39
Q

What does the middle peduncle go between?

A

the pontine nuclei and posterior lobe of cerebellum

40
Q

What information does the inferior cerebellum carry?

A

Sensory information about the actual position of body parts

41
Q

What does the inferior peduncle go between?

A

Medulla and anterior lobe of the cerebellum.

42
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia?

A

Jerky and imprecise movements due to pathology in the cerebellum.

43
Q

What family of hormones does dopamine come from?

A

catecholamine

44
Q

what is dopamine involved in?

A

Motivation, reward and reinforcement

45
Q

What happens to L-DOPA to form dopamine?

A

carboxyl group removed

46
Q

What catalyses the formation of dopamine from L-DOPA

A

DOPA decarboxylase

47
Q

What is dopamine derived from?

A

tyrosine

48
Q

What catalyses the formation of L-DOPA from tyrosine?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

49
Q

What terminates the action of dopamine?

A

sodium ion-dependent dopamine transporter

50
Q

How does dopamine work?

A

Activating G-protein coupled receptors

51
Q

what are d1 receptors coupled to?

A

Gsalpha, which ↑intracellular [cAMP] by activating adenylyl cyclase

52
Q

What are d2 receptors coupled to

A

Gialpha, which ↓ [cAMP] by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase

53
Q

What are the 4 different pathways that use dopamine?

A
  1. nigostriatal pathway
  2. mesolimbic
  3. mesocortical
  4. tuberoinfundibular
54
Q

Where does the mesolimbic pathway go between?

A

Ventral tegmental area in the midbrain to limbic regions

55
Q

where does the mesocortical pathway go between?

A

Ventral tegmental area in the midbrain to limbic regions

56
Q

What is the action of dopamine in the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

A

inhibit prolactin release from pituitary

57
Q

What are the characteristics of parkinsons disease?

A

(1) resting tremor
(2) increased muscle tone- stiffness
(3) Slowness of voluntary movement-bradykinesia
(4) Difficulty maintaining balance

58
Q

How many people does PD affect over 40?

A

1 in 250

59
Q

How many people does PD affect over 65?

A

1 in 100

60
Q

How many people does PD affect over 80?

A

1 in 10

61
Q

What toxic substance can people be exposed to that causes PD

A

MPTP

62
Q

What does MPTP do?

A

crosses the BBB and converted to a toxic metabolite., then destroys the nigral dopaminergic neurones

63
Q

Exposure to what substances can cause PD

A

MPTP and manganese oxide

64
Q

What is the most common genetic cause of PD?

A

Leucine rich repeat kinase 2

65
Q

What does leucine rich repeat kinase 2 encode

A

dardarin

66
Q

What gene is the most common cause of recessive early onset PD?

A

parkin

67
Q

What 4 genese cause recessive early onset parkinsons?

A
  • parkin
  • DJ1
  • Pink1
  • ATP13A2
68
Q

What is an oxidation product of dopamine that gives SNpc its characteristic colour

A

neuromelanin

69
Q

What is neuromelanin?

A

an oxidation product of dopamine that gives SNpc its characteristic colour

70
Q

what is the overall pathophysiology of PD?

A

death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra

71
Q

What compensatory measures may be taken in the brain in PD?

A
  • boost level of activity of pigment cells

- increase sensitivity of cells of the striatum

72
Q

What neurotransmitter is also adversely affected in PD?

A

Acetylcholine

73
Q

What is micrographia?

A

abnormally small, cramped handwriting, or the progression to continually smaller handwriting

74
Q

What is the most popular test for parkinsons?

A

rapid repetitive finger tapping of the index finger onto the thumb for about 20s on each hand

75
Q

How is Bradykinesia in the leg tested in PD?

A

fast foot tapping

76
Q

What is catelepsy?

A

transient fixed posturing of a hand after completing a motor task

77
Q

What is the diagnosis of PD based on?

A
  • careful history taking

- Good response to L-DOPA

78
Q

What is paresis?

A

Weakness of voluntary movement

79
Q

where is the basal ganglia in the brain?

A

Lateral to and surrounding the thalamus

80
Q

What is the purpose of the spines present on medium spiny neurons?

A

It allows them to receive inputs from a variety of cortical, thalamic and brainstem structures

Sem 3 (6 decks)

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