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Semester 3 > Case 7 > Flashcards

Case 7 Flashcards

1
Q

where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neurons located

A

in the cortex and brainstem

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2
Q

What pathways do the axons of the upper motor neurons form?

A

The descending motor pathways

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3
Q

What are the two systems of the UMN’s?

A

The pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts

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4
Q

What are the four systems that compose motor co-ordination?

A

The upper motor neurons (UMN’s) lower motor neurons (LMS’s) the cerebellum and the basal ganglia.

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5
Q

Where do the cerebellum and basal ganglia receive their information from?

A

The motor cortex.

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6
Q

Through what do the cerebellum and basal ganglia transmit information through?

A

The thalamus

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7
Q

Which of the cerebellum and basal ganglia is excitatory to the motor cortex?

A

The cerebellum.

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8
Q

Which of the cerebellum and basal ganglia is inhibitory to the motor cortex?

A

The basal ganglia.

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9
Q

Which of the cerebellum and basal ganglia act as a motor performance error detector and which acts to suppress unwanted movements and prepare the motor cortex for movement?

A

The cerebellum acts as an error detector and the basal ganglia acts to suppress unwanted movements and to prepare the motor cortex for movement.

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10
Q

Which of the four motor systems does not receive information from somatic proprioceptors?

A

The basal ganglia.

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11
Q

What is paresis?

A

Weakness of voluntary movement.

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12
Q

Which nervous system provides motor control of smooth muscle?

A

The autonomic nervous system.

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13
Q

Where are the lower motor neurons of smooth muscle located.

A

Either in the paravertebral or prevertebral sympathetic chain, the parasympathetic postganglionic ganglia near the target wall or in the case of the enteric system the gut wall it self.

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14
Q

What is the function of the LMN’s related to smooth muscle controlled by?

A

The hypothalamus, the brain stem recticuar formation and spinal chord autonomic centres

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15
Q

Each LMN axon branches as it meets its associated muscle each branch forms a specialized synapse with a muscle fibre what is the name of this kind of synapse?

A

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

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16
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter does a LMN axon release into the synaptic cleft of a NMJ when stimulated?

A

Achetyl-choline (ACh)

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17
Q

What is the motor endplate?

A

The area of the muscle lying directly beneath the the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction.

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18
Q

What kind of receptor is present in large numbers on the motor endplate of a muscle fiber?

A

nicotonic acetylcholine receptors.

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19
Q

What is unuasual about the NMJ as a synapse

A

It only uses one kind of neurotransmitter and only posses one kind of receptor.

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20
Q

Roughly how many vessicles of ACh does each axon branch release into the synaptic cleft of each NMJ each action potencial and in what time period

A

200-300 vesicles in about 200 microseconds

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21
Q

What enzyme is present in soluble and membrane bound forms in the postsynaptic membrane of the NMJ?

A

Achetylcholnesterase

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22
Q

How many molecules of ACh need to bind to each nicotonic acetyl choline receptor in order to activate it what ions does the channel it opens allow to flow freely what ion does the resultant action potential allow to be released?

A

Two ACh molecules are needed to activate each recptor allowing the free movement of Na+ and K+ in turn allowing the release of Ca2+ provided the action potential is high enough.

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23
Q

What is the innervation ratio how does it effect the precision of muscles?

A

The ratio of motor neurons to branches providing the innervation to muscle the lower the ratio the higher the precision of the muscle.

24
Q

What are the three main groups of motor units?

A

Slow, fast fatiguing and fast fatigue resistant.

25
Q

What are the 5 constituents of the basal ganglia?

A

The caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus

26
Q

Where is the basal ganglia in the brain?

A

Lateral to and surrounding the thalamus.

27
Q

Where does the internal capsule of the brain pass through the basal ganglia?

A

the space that lies between the two main masses of the basal ganglia, the caudate nucleus and the putamen

28
Q

Where does the motor loop of the basal ganglia begin?

A

The sensorimotor cortex

29
Q

Where does the motor loop of the basal ganglia return to to the sensorimotor cortex via?

A

The striatum, thalamus and supplementary motor areas

30
Q

What are the two pathways of the motor loop?

A

The Direct Pathway and the indirect pathway

31
Q

How many consecutive sets of neurons does the direct pathway involve?

A

5

32
Q

What does the direct pathway of the motor loop of the basal ganglia transverse?

A

the corpus striatum and the thalamus

33
Q

Which pathway of the motor loop of the basal ganglia increases excitatory thalamocortical projections?

A

The Direct pathway

34
Q

Which pathway of the motor loop of the basal ganglia decreases excitatory thalamocortical projections?

A

The indirect pathway

35
Q

Which pathway of the motor loop of the basal ganlia engages the subthalamic nucleus?

A

The indirect pathway

36
Q

What does the indirect pathway of the motor loop of the basal ganglia engage with?

A

The subthalamic nucleus and the contacts of direct pathway (the corpus striatum and the thalamus)

37
Q

How many sets of neurons does the indirect pathway contain?

A

7

38
Q

Where does the nigrostriatal pathway start from? Where do they insert?

A

It starts from the compact part of the substansia nigra and lead to the striatum.

39
Q

What type of of dopaminergic receptor is facilitatory?

A

type 1 dopaminergic receptors

40
Q

What type of Dopaminergic receptor is inhibitory?

A

type 2 dopaminergic receptors

41
Q

Are Cholingergic internucial neurones in the striatum ecitatory or inhibitory to projection neurons? What are they inhibited by?

A

They are ecitatory to projection neurons and are inhibited by dopamine.

42
Q

What are the telencephalic elements of the basal ganglia?

A

The caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

43
Q

What are the diencephalic elemens of the the basal ganglia?

A

The subthalamic nucleus

44
Q

What are the mesencephalic elements of the basal ganglia?

A

substansia nigra

45
Q

What is the caudate and putamen called together? where does it receive information from?

A

The corpus striatum it receives information from the basal ganglia.

46
Q

Where in the substansia nigra do the dopaminergic inputs from the brainstem originate from?

A

the pars compacta

47
Q

What enzyme is stimulated in D1 family (D1 & D5) receptor activation and inhibited in D2 family (D2,3,4) leading to the respective increase and decrease in the effect of cortical input on neurons?

A

Adenyl cyclase activity

48
Q

What is the main input zone to the basal ganglia?

A

The corpus striatum

49
Q

What is the name of the class of cells that comprises the input region of the basal ganglia?

A

Medium spiny neurons .

50
Q

What gives spiny neurons their name?

A

The series of spines present on their dendrites.

51
Q

What is the purpose of the spines present on medium spiny neurons?

A

It allows them to receive inputs from a variety of cortical thalamic and brainstem structures.

52
Q

Where do the axons from medium spiny neuron synapse on?

A

The globus pallidus and substansia nigra reticulate.

53
Q

What is the name for the summation of all the cortical input from the frontal and parietal lobes to the corpus striatum in the basal ganglia?

A

The corticostriatal pathway

54
Q

What does the coticostriatal pathway use as its excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate.

55
Q

What type of input do the medium spiny neurons of the corpus striatum receive from the aminergic nuclei of the brainstem.

A

Dopaminergic

56
Q

What type of input do the medium spiny neurons of the corpus striatum receive from the intralaminar and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei?

A

excitatory glutamergic

Semester 3 (8 decks)

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