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European Public Health > Case 2 EPH2022 > Flashcards

Case 2 EPH2022 Flashcards

1
Q

What determinants of intention does TPB suggest?

A
  1. Attitude towards behaviour
  2. Subjective norm
  3. Self-efficacy / perceived behavioural control
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2
Q

What are socio-cognitive models?

A
  1. Health belief model
  2. social cognitive theory
  3. Theory of subjective culture & interpersonal relations
  4. Theory of self-regulation & self-control
  5. Change model
  6. theory of reasoned action
  7. theory of planned behaviour
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3
Q

What do the TPB & TRA have in common?

A
  • Both explore relationship between behaviour & beliefs, attitudes & intentions.
  • Assume intention is most important determinant of behaviour
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4
Q

According to the models, what influences behavioural intention?

A

By attitude towards performing a behaviour & by beliefs about whether individuals important. tothe person approve or disapprove of the behaviour

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5
Q

How does TPB differ from TRA?

A

Includes 1 additional construct: perceived behavioural control; construct has to do with people’s beliefs that they can control a particular behaviour

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6
Q

*How does TPB relate to TRA?

A

TPB is extension of TRA coz it was limited in dealing with behaviours over which poeple have no control

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7
Q

What are 3 types of salient beliefs?

A
  1. Behavioural beliefs
  2. Normative beliefs
  3. Control beliefs
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8
Q

what are behavioural beliefs?

A

Infleunces attitudes towards the behaviour
An individual’s belief about consequences of particular behavior.

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9
Q

What are normative beliefs?

A

individuals’ beliefs about extent to which other people who are important to them think they should or should not perform particular behaviors.

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10
Q

What are control beliefs?

A

Individual’s beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or hinder performance of the behaviour

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11
Q

What does the TPB exclude?

A
  • Habits & emotions
  • environmental infleunces
  • Doesn’t pay enough attention to behaviours that occur unconciously.
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12
Q

What is scarcity?

A

scarcity = feeling of having less than is needed (takes into account the resources amount and demands placed upon it)

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13
Q

What is income scarcity

A
  • perceive they have less money than their monthly expenses requires
  • low income & perceived ability to cope financially
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13
Q

What is income scarcity a determinant of?

A

Healthy eating & physical inactivity which can lead to health inequalities

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14
Q

How does time scarcity affect behavioural change?

A
  • Being active & cooking healthy takes time
  • Less free time = less physical activity
  • poor work life balance, irregular shifts, extra working hours
  • amount of hours is the same but how people’s time is valued & capaicty to control time varies by social status
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15
Q

What happens if scarcity persists?

A

Can create a synergestic rise in behavioural risk factors for promoting chronic disease, especially physical inactivity.

Even if people with low income & have plety of time (vice versa), priorities can still be socially determined.

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16
Q

Who is more vulnerably for income/time scarcity?

A
  • immigrants
  • self-employed
  • being gendered
  • Developing countries more at risk for time/income scarcity.

Income:
- less educated
- Poor health
- low skills

Time:
- lone parents
- women
- caregivers

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17
Q

What does scarcity theory focus on & what impact does it have on your body?

A
  • Focuses on chronic stress part of socioeconomic differences
  • If you have scarcity, brain has less mental energy & more problems with focusing
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18
Q

How can behaviour be changed?

A
  • Behaviour change interventions
  • Motivation to make a change
  • Awareness
  • Social support (e.g. stoptober)
  • Change habits (self-control)
  • Battle addiction - quitting one addiction often leads to another
  • Self protection
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19
Q

Barriers to behavioural change?

A

Income & time scarcity

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20
Q

What is the behavioural change wheel?

A

Model that captures factors affecting behaviours & the different types of interventions that can be used to change behaviours.

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21
Q

What are the 3 sources of behaviour according to the behavioural change wheel?

A
  1. Motivation
  2. Capability
  3. Opportunity
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22
Q

What is motivation?

Behavioural change wheel

A

reflective and automatic behaviour that activate or inhibit behaviour.

Reflective motivation - thinking about it.
Automatic motivation - happens automatically e.g. making coffee every morning

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23
Q

What is capability?

Behavioural change wheel

A

Individuals psychological & physical capacity to enagge in activity concerned.

Physical capability - can I do. itfrom a physical perspective?
Psychological capability -can I cope with failure?

24
Q

What is opportunity?

Behavioural change wheel

A

factors outside individual that make behaviour possible or cause it

25
Q

What is reflective & automatic motivation?

A

Reflective - Thinking about it
Automatic - happens automatically without thinking e.g. making coffee every morning.

26
Q

*What is the stepwise approach for intervention?

A
  1. Come up with behavioural goal
  2. Use COM-B system
  3. Develop intervention
  4. Policy implementation
27
Q

Define intervention

A

action taken to prevent disease, or improve health

28
Q

Why do intervention designers often not use existing frameworks for developing new interventions/analysing why interventions have succeeded/failed?

A

Often framework does not meet their needs

29
Q

*What are the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions?

A
  1. Comprehensive coverage
  2. Coherence
  3. Links to an overarching model of behaviour
29
Q

*What are the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions?

A
  1. Comprehensive coverage
  2. Coherence
  3. Links to an overarching model of behaviour
30
Q

Explain comprehensive coverage of the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions

A
  • Framework should apply to every intervention developed
  • Failure limits scope of system to offer options for intervention designers that may be effective.
31
Q

Explain the coherence of the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions

A

Categories should be from a super-ordinate entity (e.g. function of intervention) & framework should not include some categories that are very broad & others very specific.

32
Q

Explain the links to overarching model of behaviour of the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions

A

Categories should link to specific behaviour change mechanisms that in turn can be linked to the model of behaviour.

33
Q

*What are multi-component interventions & why are they more effective than single interventions (e.g. apps)?

A
34
Q

What is co-creation & why is it effective?

A

Create intervention together with key stakeholders & target population = bottom-up approach.

Effective coz leads to ownership & more contextual adaptation of intervention. intervention created also by the target population.

35
Q

What is contextual adaptation?

A

Whatever is designed, fits int he aprticular context

36
Q

What is the EPODE approach?

A

Since 2004, is a community-based intervention aimed at preventing childhood obesity by involving local stakeholders in a sustainable way.

37
Q

*What is a systems approach?

is this correct?

A

A systems-approach to population health operates under the notion that community health improvement involves more than just stand-alone disease prevention and treatment programs.

38
Q

What are the key points of EPODE approach?

A
  • Multiple stakeholders involved
  • Trying to look at system approaches
  • look for co-creation with local stakeholders & target population
39
Q

*What is the purpose of Stoptober?

all objectives correct?

A
  1. SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, reallistic & time-sensitive) - behaviloural goals should be set after SMART system
  2. PRIME (plane, responses, impulses, motives & evaluation) - assumes behaviour is determined from moment to moment by a wide variety of motivational impulses & motivational systems are unstable (require constant balance of inputs)
  3. Needs of participants change over time but campaign doesn’t - intervention should change with needs of participants.
40
Q

What is the prevalence of obesity?

A
  • Increasing especially in western countries but also more in developing countries
  • More physical inactivity
  • all countries in Europe more overweight in past 2 decades
41
Q

What are 2 sides of energy balance?

A
  1. Energy intake
  2. Energy expenditure
    Behaviours linked to these 2 sides are physical activity & dietary behaviour
42
Q

Explain energy expenditure

A
  • Physical activity not only about being active in daily life but also exercising & sedentary behaviour
  • Determinants of PA difficult coz definition is very broad.
  • Must define behaviour as specific as possible!
43
Q

Explain energy intake

A
  • We are consuming more energy dense foods (have lots of energy in small volume)
  • Portion sizes increasing 7 eating more ready-made food (which has more calories than if you make yourself because of the chemicals to make the products last longer)
44
Q

What is the effect of income scarcity on behavioural change?

A
  • lack can constrain people’s capacity to buy fresh food & access amenities & services that support physical activity
  • constraints not same for everybody coz income depends on age, gender, education, skill & family composition.
  • Associated with less leisure time, physical activity, bad diet
  • Lower education, low skills, poor health at risk
44
Q

What is the effect of income scarcity on behavioural change?

A
  • lack can constrain people’s capacity to buy fresh food & access amenities & services that support physical activity
  • constraints not same for everybody coz income depends on age, gender, education, skill & family composition.
  • Associated with less leisure time, physical activity, bad diet
  • Lower education, low skills, poor health at risk
45
Q

What is time scarcity?

A

experienced when you look at your circumstances and believe that you do not have time to do what you want or need to do.

46
Q

What. isthe health belief model?

A

2 major factors infleunce likelihood of changing a behaviour:
1. Person must feel personally threatened
2. Must believe the benefits of changing

47
Q

What is the social cognitive thoery?

A

Initiation & persistance of a beahviour depends on self-efficacy & outcome expectancies

48
Q

What is the theory of subjective culture & interpersonal relations?

A

Likehlihood of performing a given behaviour is determined by intentions, habits and other facilitating factors.

49
Q

What is the theory of self-regulation & self-control?

A

Shows how self-regulatory processes lead to satisfaction/dissatisfaction with behavioural performance & continuation.

50
Q

What. isthe change model?

A

Describe how individuals integrate new behaviours on different levels. From intention to application

51
Q

List the components of the TRA

A
  1. Behavioural beliefs & evaluation of behavioural outcomes = attitude towards behaviour
  2. Normative beliefs + motivation to comply = subjective norm
52
Q

List the components of the TPB

A
  1. Control beliefs + Perceived power = PBC
53
Q

What are the behavioural determinants according to. thebehavioural change wheel?

A
  1. Capability = physical + psychological
  2. Opportunity = social + physical
  3. Motivation = automatic + reflective
54
Q

List the intervention functions of the behaviour change wheel

A
  1. Training
  2. Coercion
  3. Incentivisation
  4. Persuasion
  5. Education
  6. Restrictions
  7. Environmental restructuring
  8. Modelling
  9. Enablement
55
Q

List the policy categories of the behaviour change wheel

A
  1. Guidelines
  2. Environmental/social planning
  3. Communication marketing
  4. Legislation
  5. Service provision
  6. Regulation
  7. Fiscal measure

European Public Health (7 decks)

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