Case 2 EPH2022 Flashcards
What determinants of intention does TPB suggest?
- Attitude towards behaviour
- Subjective norm
- Self-efficacy / perceived behavioural control
What are socio-cognitive models?
- Health belief model
- social cognitive theory
- Theory of subjective culture & interpersonal relations
- Theory of self-regulation & self-control
- Change model
- theory of reasoned action
- theory of planned behaviour
What do the TPB & TRA have in common?
- Both explore relationship between behaviour & beliefs, attitudes & intentions.
- Assume intention is most important determinant of behaviour
According to the models, what influences behavioural intention?
By attitude towards performing a behaviour & by beliefs about whether individuals important. tothe person approve or disapprove of the behaviour
How does TPB differ from TRA?
Includes 1 additional construct: perceived behavioural control; construct has to do with people’s beliefs that they can control a particular behaviour
*How does TPB relate to TRA?
TPB is extension of TRA coz it was limited in dealing with behaviours over which poeple have no control
What are 3 types of salient beliefs?
- Behavioural beliefs
- Normative beliefs
- Control beliefs
what are behavioural beliefs?
Infleunces attitudes towards the behaviour
An individual’s belief about consequences of particular behavior.
What are normative beliefs?
individuals’ beliefs about extent to which other people who are important to them think they should or should not perform particular behaviors.
What are control beliefs?
Individual’s beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate or hinder performance of the behaviour
What does the TPB exclude?
- Habits & emotions
- environmental infleunces
- Doesn’t pay enough attention to behaviours that occur unconciously.
What is scarcity?
scarcity = feeling of having less than is needed (takes into account the resources amount and demands placed upon it)
What is income scarcity
- perceive they have less money than their monthly expenses requires
- low income & perceived ability to cope financially
What is income scarcity a determinant of?
Healthy eating & physical inactivity which can lead to health inequalities
How does time scarcity affect behavioural change?
- Being active & cooking healthy takes time
- Less free time = less physical activity
- poor work life balance, irregular shifts, extra working hours
- amount of hours is the same but how people’s time is valued & capaicty to control time varies by social status
What happens if scarcity persists?
Can create a synergestic rise in behavioural risk factors for promoting chronic disease, especially physical inactivity.
Even if people with low income & have plety of time (vice versa), priorities can still be socially determined.
Who is more vulnerably for income/time scarcity?
- immigrants
- self-employed
- being gendered
- Developing countries more at risk for time/income scarcity.
Income:
- less educated
- Poor health
- low skills
Time:
- lone parents
- women
- caregivers
What does scarcity theory focus on & what impact does it have on your body?
- Focuses on chronic stress part of socioeconomic differences
- If you have scarcity, brain has less mental energy & more problems with focusing
How can behaviour be changed?
- Behaviour change interventions
- Motivation to make a change
- Awareness
- Social support (e.g. stoptober)
- Change habits (self-control)
- Battle addiction - quitting one addiction often leads to another
- Self protection
Barriers to behavioural change?
Income & time scarcity
What is the behavioural change wheel?
Model that captures factors affecting behaviours & the different types of interventions that can be used to change behaviours.
What are the 3 sources of behaviour according to the behavioural change wheel?
- Motivation
- Capability
- Opportunity
What is motivation?
Behavioural change wheel
reflective and automatic behaviour that activate or inhibit behaviour.
Reflective motivation - thinking about it.
Automatic motivation - happens automatically e.g. making coffee every morning
What is capability?
Behavioural change wheel
Individuals psychological & physical capacity to enagge in activity concerned.
Physical capability - can I do. itfrom a physical perspective?
Psychological capability -can I cope with failure?
What is opportunity?
Behavioural change wheel
factors outside individual that make behaviour possible or cause it
What is reflective & automatic motivation?
Reflective - Thinking about it
Automatic - happens automatically without thinking e.g. making coffee every morning.
*What is the stepwise approach for intervention?
- Come up with behavioural goal
- Use COM-B system
- Develop intervention
- Policy implementation
Define intervention
action taken to prevent disease, or improve health
Why do intervention designers often not use existing frameworks for developing new interventions/analysing why interventions have succeeded/failed?
Often framework does not meet their needs
*What are the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions?
- Comprehensive coverage
- Coherence
- Links to an overarching model of behaviour
*What are the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions?
- Comprehensive coverage
- Coherence
- Links to an overarching model of behaviour
Explain comprehensive coverage of the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions
- Framework should apply to every intervention developed
- Failure limits scope of system to offer options for intervention designers that may be effective.
Explain the coherence of the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions
Categories should be from a super-ordinate entity (e.g. function of intervention) & framework should not include some categories that are very broad & others very specific.
Explain the links to overarching model of behaviour of the 3 criteria of usefulness for interventions
Categories should link to specific behaviour change mechanisms that in turn can be linked to the model of behaviour.
*What are multi-component interventions & why are they more effective than single interventions (e.g. apps)?
What is co-creation & why is it effective?
Create intervention together with key stakeholders & target population = bottom-up approach.
Effective coz leads to ownership & more contextual adaptation of intervention. intervention created also by the target population.
What is contextual adaptation?
Whatever is designed, fits int he aprticular context
What is the EPODE approach?
Since 2004, is a community-based intervention aimed at preventing childhood obesity by involving local stakeholders in a sustainable way.
*What is a systems approach?
is this correct?
A systems-approach to population health operates under the notion that community health improvement involves more than just stand-alone disease prevention and treatment programs.
What are the key points of EPODE approach?
- Multiple stakeholders involved
- Trying to look at system approaches
- look for co-creation with local stakeholders & target population
*What is the purpose of Stoptober?
all objectives correct?
- SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, reallistic & time-sensitive) - behaviloural goals should be set after SMART system
- PRIME (plane, responses, impulses, motives & evaluation) - assumes behaviour is determined from moment to moment by a wide variety of motivational impulses & motivational systems are unstable (require constant balance of inputs)
- Needs of participants change over time but campaign doesn’t - intervention should change with needs of participants.
What is the prevalence of obesity?
- Increasing especially in western countries but also more in developing countries
- More physical inactivity
- all countries in Europe more overweight in past 2 decades
What are 2 sides of energy balance?
- Energy intake
- Energy expenditure
Behaviours linked to these 2 sides are physical activity & dietary behaviour
Explain energy expenditure
- Physical activity not only about being active in daily life but also exercising & sedentary behaviour
- Determinants of PA difficult coz definition is very broad.
- Must define behaviour as specific as possible!
Explain energy intake
- We are consuming more energy dense foods (have lots of energy in small volume)
- Portion sizes increasing 7 eating more ready-made food (which has more calories than if you make yourself because of the chemicals to make the products last longer)
What is the effect of income scarcity on behavioural change?
- lack can constrain people’s capacity to buy fresh food & access amenities & services that support physical activity
- constraints not same for everybody coz income depends on age, gender, education, skill & family composition.
- Associated with less leisure time, physical activity, bad diet
- Lower education, low skills, poor health at risk
What is the effect of income scarcity on behavioural change?
- lack can constrain people’s capacity to buy fresh food & access amenities & services that support physical activity
- constraints not same for everybody coz income depends on age, gender, education, skill & family composition.
- Associated with less leisure time, physical activity, bad diet
- Lower education, low skills, poor health at risk
What is time scarcity?
experienced when you look at your circumstances and believe that you do not have time to do what you want or need to do.
What. isthe health belief model?
2 major factors infleunce likelihood of changing a behaviour:
1. Person must feel personally threatened
2. Must believe the benefits of changing
What is the social cognitive thoery?
Initiation & persistance of a beahviour depends on self-efficacy & outcome expectancies
What is the theory of subjective culture & interpersonal relations?
Likehlihood of performing a given behaviour is determined by intentions, habits and other facilitating factors.
What is the theory of self-regulation & self-control?
Shows how self-regulatory processes lead to satisfaction/dissatisfaction with behavioural performance & continuation.
What. isthe change model?
Describe how individuals integrate new behaviours on different levels. From intention to application
List the components of the TRA
- Behavioural beliefs & evaluation of behavioural outcomes = attitude towards behaviour
- Normative beliefs + motivation to comply = subjective norm
List the components of the TPB
- Control beliefs + Perceived power = PBC
What are the behavioural determinants according to. thebehavioural change wheel?
- Capability = physical + psychological
- Opportunity = social + physical
- Motivation = automatic + reflective
List the intervention functions of the behaviour change wheel
- Training
- Coercion
- Incentivisation
- Persuasion
- Education
- Restrictions
- Environmental restructuring
- Modelling
- Enablement
List the policy categories of the behaviour change wheel
- Guidelines
- Environmental/social planning
- Communication marketing
- Legislation
- Service provision
- Regulation
- Fiscal measure
