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Histology > Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

What is the General function of Cartilage?

A

Cartilage provides pliable support; Firm but flexible

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2
Q

What are the (3) subtypes of cartilage?

How are they distinguished biochemically?

A

Hyaline Cartilage: Collagen Type II

Elastic Cartilage: Collagen Type II + Elastin

Fibrocartilage: Collagen Type I

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3
Q

What are the Specialized types of Hyaline Cartilage?

How can they be differentiated?

A

Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage that coats the ends of bones w/ synovial membrane

Costal Cartilage: Connects the ribs to the sternum to provide elasticity to the thoracic cavity

Articular cartilage lacks a Perichondrium layer, which is distinct from the Hyaline Cartilage

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4
Q

What is the function of the Perichondrium?

A

The Perichondrium is a sheath of dense irregular CT that surrounds cartilage.
Composed of 2 layers;

  1. Outer Fibrous Layer: Fibroblasts produce Collagen Type I
  2. Inner Chondrogenic Layer: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into Chondroblasts, intiate matrix production (Elastin & Type II Collagen) & become immature Chondrocytes

Function:

  • Growth & Maintenance of Cartilage
  • Vascular Support (Cartilage is Avascular)
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5
Q

What are Chondrocytes?

A

Chondrocytes are cells within the lacunae inside cartilage that maintain the cartilage.

They can occur singularly or within clusters referred to as Isogenous Groups

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6
Q

Describe the orientation of Hyaline cartilage

A
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7
Q

Describe the Components of this image

A

P: Pericondrium

C: Chondrocytes; Singular & isogenous groups

M: Matrix

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8
Q

Thyroid cartilage falls under what type?

A

Thyroid cartilage is considered Hyaline Cartilage*

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9
Q

Describe the cartilage present in most joints.

A

Articular Cartilage (Hyaline): Hyaline cartilage coats the ends of bones & allows them to glide over each other with little friction

Synovial Membrane: Specialized CT that lines the inner surface of joint capsules
Secretes synovial fluid (egg white-like consistency)

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Articular Cartilage?

A

Articular Cartilage:

  • Persists for life
  • Lacks a Perichondrium; Repair is exclusively interstitial
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11
Q

What type of cartilage is shown?

A

Articular Cartilage

Evident by it’s smooth surface (top) and lack of perichondrium

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12
Q

Describe the condition of Osteoarthritis

A
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13
Q

What type of cartilage is Costal Cartilage?

A

Costal cartilage falls under Hyaline Cartilage

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14
Q

How does Elastic Cartilage compare to Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage is extremely similar to Hyaline Cartilage.

Both have a perichondrium & chondrocytes in lacunae. The primary difference is the presence of Elastin fibers within the ECM

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15
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

This is Elastic Cartilage

Evident by presence of Elastin fibers in the ECM

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16
Q

Where is Elastic Cartilage located?

A

Elastic Cartilage is located in:

  • Outer Ear, Eustachian Tube
  • Epiglottis
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17
Q

What are the components of this image?

A

Epiglottis:

Elastic Cartilage surrounded by a Perichondrium

Additional: Adipose Tissue (White)

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18
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage located?

Study These Flashcards
A

Fibrocartilage:

  • Intervertebral Discs
  • Some Joints:
    • Pubic Symphysis
    • Meniscus of the knee joint
  • Osteotendinous Junctions (OTJ)
  • Osteoligamentous Junctions (OLJ)
19
Q

What are the characteristics of Fibrocartilage?

Study These Flashcards
A

This tissue is primarily fibrous tissue, located in areas that withstand a lot of force;

  • Chondrocytes are rowed in lacunae
  • No perichondrium
  • Resembles a tendon microscopically
20
Q

What type of Cartilage is this?

Study These Flashcards
A

Fibrocartilage:

Evident by the lack of perichondrium & presence of lined-Chondrocytes

21
Q

What types of Cartilages are present at the Knee joint?

Study These Flashcards
A

Articular Cartilage (hyaline): Present on the end of the long bones

Fibrocartilage: Makes up the Meniscus of the knee

22
Q

Describe the condition known as Osteomyelitis

Study These Flashcards
A

Osteomyelitis: Infection & inflammation of the Bone primarily caused by S. aureus

Symptoms:

  • Fever
  • Bone pain
  • Swelling (painful) of the affected area

Xray shows a periosteal elevation indicating a subperiosteal abscess

23
Q

What must occur while preparing slides for bone?

Study These Flashcards
A

Bone is too hard for routine sectioning:

  • Specialized microtomes (ground sections) are used
  • Bone matrix is decalcified prior to paraffin embedding
24
Q

Describe the Organization of Bone layers

Study These Flashcards
A

Periosteum–sheath of Dense irregular CT

  • Attached via perforating fibers (Sharpey’sfibers)
  • Cells: fibroblasts, MScs, osteoblasts

Bone

  • Osteoblasts
    • Organic ECM = osteoid(collagen I, GAGs, PGs, multi-adhesive gps)
    • Progressive mineralization: calcium, phosphate (50% inorganic)
  • Osteocytes
    • Trapped in lacunae -maintain the bone

Endosteum

  • Thin layer of CT that lines inside of bone
  • MSCs, osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts(monocyte-macrophage lineage) –digest bone

Bone marrow

25
What are the (2) types of bone?
Compact bone -cortex of most bones * 80% of the mass Cancellous (spongy) bone –inside long bones) * Spaces filled with BM
26
How does bone appear?
All adult bone (compact or cancellous) appears lamellar * In sheets or concentrically wrapped around a central canal * Osteocyte nuclei are trapped in lacunae between layers
27
Describe what the Osteon is.
Columns of concentric lamellae around a central canal Osteocytes in lacunae are between the lamellae Haversian canal * Blood vessels & nerves * Communicate with the periosteum & BM
28
What are canaliculi?
Canaliculi are channels linking Osteocytes
29
Describe the components of bone remodeling & Repair
Balance of synthesis & degradation: Synthesis: Osteoblasts Degradation: Osteoclasts * Bone resorption releases calcium
30
How are the Haversian canals formed?
Osteoclasts form a cone that cuts through bone, while bringing osteoblasts & blood vessels along for the ride
31
What type of growth is responsible for Diameter?
New bone added beneath the periosteum Concurrent with bone removal at the endosteum surface
32
Describe bone formation of flat bones of the skull & short bones (i.e. Jaw)
Intramembranous ossification * ECM & calcification forms directly in embryonic tissue
33
Describe the formation of Long bones during development
Endochondral Ossification: * Deposition of bone matrix onto a pre-existing hyaline cartilage model
34
Describe the signaling pathway for growth at the epiphyseal plate
Anterior Pituitary: Growth hormone (GH) release GH stimulates chondrocytes in growth plate to secrete & respond to IGF-1
35
Describe the layers of the Epiphyseal Plate
36
What structure is depicted here?
Epiphyseal Plate
37
Describe the process of repairing a bone fracture
38
Which of these defects are considered "better"? Why?
Full thickness defects induce hemorrhage formation Stem cells trigger repair, resulting in Fibrocartilage
39
Describe the Metabolic function of Bones
Skeleton is the major Ca2+ reservoir (99%) * Maintains plasma Ca2+ levels Released from cancellous bone into interstitial fluid by osteoclasts * Regulated by two hormones * Parathyroid hormone -stimulates osteoclasts * Calcitonin (thyroid) -inhibits osteoclasts
40
Describe the types of Musculoskeletal Insertions
1. Muscle-Tendon-Bone 2. Bone-Ligament-Bone 3. Muscle-Bone
41
Describe the Myotendinous Junction
CT to CT * Epimysium fibers merge with deep fascia and the tendon (may also include periosteum) * May also merge with the periosteum, providing an attachment to bone Muscle-CT * Muscle fibers interdigitate with collagen fibers of the tendon
42
Describe Bone insertions
Muscle fibers may attach to bone by merging with the periosteum Tendons & ligaments have specialized interfaces that transmit tensile load from soft tissue to bone * Entheses
43
Describe the 2 types of Entheses
1. Fibrous enthesis 1. Typically occur over large surface areas 2. Collagen fibers in the ligament/tendon merge with the periosteum 2. Fibrocartilaginousenthesis 1. Attach via a layer of fibrocartilage 2. More common than fibrous insertions 3. Prone to overuse injury -commonly encountered in orthopedics

Histology (11 decks)

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