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Histology > Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the General function of Cartilage?

A

Cartilage provides pliable support; Firm but flexible

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2
Q

What are the (3) subtypes of cartilage?

How are they distinguished biochemically?

A

Hyaline Cartilage: Collagen Type II

Elastic Cartilage: Collagen Type II + Elastin

Fibrocartilage: Collagen Type I

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3
Q

What are the Specialized types of Hyaline Cartilage?

How can they be differentiated?

A

Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage that coats the ends of bones w/ synovial membrane

Costal Cartilage: Connects the ribs to the sternum to provide elasticity to the thoracic cavity

Articular cartilage lacks a Perichondrium layer, which is distinct from the Hyaline Cartilage

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4
Q

What is the function of the Perichondrium?

A

The Perichondrium is a sheath of dense irregular CT that surrounds cartilage.
Composed of 2 layers;

  1. Outer Fibrous Layer: Fibroblasts produce Collagen Type I
  2. Inner Chondrogenic Layer: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into Chondroblasts, intiate matrix production (Elastin & Type II Collagen) & become immature Chondrocytes

Function:

  • Growth & Maintenance of Cartilage
  • Vascular Support (Cartilage is Avascular)
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5
Q

What are Chondrocytes?

A

Chondrocytes are cells within the lacunae inside cartilage that maintain the cartilage.

They can occur singularly or within clusters referred to as Isogenous Groups

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6
Q

Describe the orientation of Hyaline cartilage

A
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7
Q

Describe the Components of this image

A

P: Pericondrium

C: Chondrocytes; Singular & isogenous groups

M: Matrix

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8
Q

Thyroid cartilage falls under what type?

A

Thyroid cartilage is considered Hyaline Cartilage*

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9
Q

Describe the cartilage present in most joints.

A

Articular Cartilage (Hyaline): Hyaline cartilage coats the ends of bones & allows them to glide over each other with little friction

Synovial Membrane: Specialized CT that lines the inner surface of joint capsules
Secretes synovial fluid (egg white-like consistency)

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Articular Cartilage?

A

Articular Cartilage:

  • Persists for life
  • Lacks a Perichondrium; Repair is exclusively interstitial
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11
Q

What type of cartilage is shown?

A

Articular Cartilage

Evident by it’s smooth surface (top) and lack of perichondrium

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12
Q

Describe the condition of Osteoarthritis

A
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13
Q

What type of cartilage is Costal Cartilage?

A

Costal cartilage falls under Hyaline Cartilage

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14
Q

How does Elastic Cartilage compare to Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage is extremely similar to Hyaline Cartilage.

Both have a perichondrium & chondrocytes in lacunae. The primary difference is the presence of Elastin fibers within the ECM

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15
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

This is Elastic Cartilage

Evident by presence of Elastin fibers in the ECM

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16
Q

Where is Elastic Cartilage located?

A

Elastic Cartilage is located in:

  • Outer Ear, Eustachian Tube
  • Epiglottis
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17
Q

What are the components of this image?

A

Epiglottis:

Elastic Cartilage surrounded by a Perichondrium

Additional: Adipose Tissue (White)

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18
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage located?

A

Fibrocartilage:

  • Intervertebral Discs
  • Some Joints:
    • Pubic Symphysis
    • Meniscus of the knee joint
  • Osteotendinous Junctions (OTJ)
  • Osteoligamentous Junctions (OLJ)
19
Q

What are the characteristics of Fibrocartilage?

A

This tissue is primarily fibrous tissue, located in areas that withstand a lot of force;

  • Chondrocytes are rowed in lacunae
  • No perichondrium
  • Resembles a tendon microscopically
20
Q

What type of Cartilage is this?

A

Fibrocartilage:

Evident by the lack of perichondrium & presence of lined-Chondrocytes

21
Q

What types of Cartilages are present at the Knee joint?

A

Articular Cartilage (hyaline): Present on the end of the long bones

Fibrocartilage: Makes up the Meniscus of the knee

22
Q

Describe the condition known as Osteomyelitis

A

Osteomyelitis: Infection & inflammation of the Bone primarily caused by S. aureus

Symptoms:

  • Fever
  • Bone pain
  • Swelling (painful) of the affected area

Xray shows a periosteal elevation indicating a subperiosteal abscess

23
Q

What must occur while preparing slides for bone?

A

Bone is too hard for routine sectioning:

  • Specialized microtomes (ground sections) are used
  • Bone matrix is decalcified prior to paraffin embedding
24
Q

Describe the Organization of Bone layers

A

Periosteum–sheath of Dense irregular CT

  • Attached via perforating fibers (Sharpey’sfibers)
  • Cells: fibroblasts, MScs, osteoblasts

Bone

  • Osteoblasts
    • Organic ECM = osteoid(collagen I, GAGs, PGs, multi-adhesive gps)
    • Progressive mineralization: calcium, phosphate (50% inorganic)
  • Osteocytes
    • Trapped in lacunae -maintain the bone

Endosteum

  • Thin layer of CT that lines inside of bone
  • MSCs, osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts(monocyte-macrophage lineage) –digest bone

Bone marrow

25
Q

What are the (2) types of bone?

A

Compact bone -cortex of most bones

  • 80% of the mass

Cancellous (spongy) bone –inside long bones)

  • Spaces filled with BM
26
Q

How does bone appear?

A

All adult bone (compact or cancellous) appears lamellar

  • In sheets or concentrically wrapped around a central canal
  • Osteocyte nuclei are trapped in lacunae between layers
27
Q

Describe what the Osteon is.

A

Columns of concentric lamellae around a central canal

Osteocytes in lacunae are between the lamellae

Haversian canal

  • Blood vessels & nerves
  • Communicate with the periosteum & BM
28
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Canaliculi are channels linking Osteocytes

29
Q

Describe the components of bone remodeling & Repair

A

Balance of synthesis & degradation:

Synthesis: Osteoblasts

Degradation: Osteoclasts

  • Bone resorption releases calcium
30
Q

How are the Haversian canals formed?

A

Osteoclasts form a cone that cuts through bone, while bringing osteoblasts & blood vessels along for the ride

31
Q

What type of growth is responsible for Diameter?

A

New bone added beneath the periosteum
Concurrent with bone removal at the endosteum surface

32
Q

Describe bone formation of flat bones of the skull & short bones (i.e. Jaw)

A

Intramembranous ossification

  • ECM & calcification forms directly in embryonic tissue
33
Q

Describe the formation of Long bones during development

A

Endochondral Ossification:

  • Deposition of bone matrix onto a pre-existing hyaline cartilage model
34
Q

Describe the signaling pathway for growth at the epiphyseal plate

A

Anterior Pituitary: Growth hormone (GH) release

GH stimulates chondrocytes in growth plate to secrete & respond to IGF-1

35
Q

Describe the layers of the Epiphyseal Plate

36
Q

What structure is depicted here?

A

Epiphyseal Plate

37
Q

Describe the process of repairing a bone fracture

38
Q

Which of these defects are considered “better”?

Why?

A

Full thickness defects induce hemorrhage formation

Stem cells trigger repair, resulting in Fibrocartilage

39
Q

Describe the Metabolic function of Bones

A

Skeleton is the major Ca2+ reservoir (99%)

  • Maintains plasma Ca2+ levels

Released from cancellous bone into interstitial fluid by osteoclasts

  • Regulated by two hormones
    • Parathyroid hormone -stimulates osteoclasts
    • Calcitonin (thyroid) -inhibits osteoclasts
40
Q

Describe the types of Musculoskeletal Insertions

A
  1. Muscle-Tendon-Bone
  2. Bone-Ligament-Bone
  3. Muscle-Bone
41
Q

Describe the Myotendinous Junction

A

CT to CT

  • Epimysium fibers merge with deep fascia and the tendon (may also include periosteum)
  • May also merge with the periosteum, providing an attachment to bone

Muscle-CT

  • Muscle fibers interdigitate with collagen fibers of the tendon
42
Q

Describe Bone insertions

A

Muscle fibers may attach to bone by merging with the periosteum

Tendons & ligaments have specialized interfaces that transmit tensile load from soft tissue to bone

  • Entheses
43
Q

Describe the 2 types of Entheses

A
  1. Fibrous enthesis
    1. Typically occur over large surface areas
    2. Collagen fibers in the ligament/tendon merge with the periosteum
  2. Fibrocartilaginousenthesis
    1. Attach via a layer of fibrocartilage
    2. More common than fibrous insertions
    3. Prone to overuse injury -commonly encountered in orthopedics

Histology (11 decks)

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