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9. extra msk > Cartilage and OA > Flashcards

Cartilage and OA Flashcards

1
Q

What is OA?

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2
Q

What is the most common form of OA?

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3
Q

How many people have OA?

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4
Q

What is the most common reason for joint pain?

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5
Q

What is an arthroscopy?

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6
Q

What is a chondral defect?

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7
Q

How can a chondral defect be identified on an arthroscopy?

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8
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

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9
Q

What are the 5 layers of cartilage?

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10
Q

What is the tide mark?

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11
Q

What are the 3 major components of ECM?

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12
Q

What is the main proteoglycan in healthy ECM? (%)

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13
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

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14
Q

Which cells produce cartilage?

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15
Q

Which cells degrade cartilage?

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16
Q

What happens to chondrocytes after adolescence?

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17
Q

What type of metabolism occurs in chondrocytes?

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18
Q

What proportion of tissue is chondrocytes?

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19
Q

How do chondrocytes act in response to interactions with the ECM?

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20
Q

What is the main type of cartilage in articular cartilage?

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21
Q

What is the function of type II collagen in articular cartilage?

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22
Q

Which enzymes breakdown collagen?

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23
Q

What is stromelysin?

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24
Q

What are MMPs?

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25
Q

What are the 3 main collagenases?

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26
Q

When is cathepsin K used?

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27
Q

What are aggrecans?

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28
Q

Which enzymes break down aggrecans?

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29
Q

What are the 3 matrix molecules?

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30
Q

What are the 2 key human aggrecanases?

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31
Q

What are the 2 intrinsic articular cartilage factors?

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32
Q

What are the 2 extrinsic articular cartilage factors?

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33
Q

What are TIMPs?

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34
Q

What are the 4 TIMPs?

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35
Q

Which 2 TIMPs act as collagenases?

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36
Q

What are the 4 main growth factors?

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37
Q

What is the function of growth factors in cartilage?

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38
Q

What are 2 examples of hormones in articular cartilage?

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39
Q

Why can matrix degradation occur? (2)

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40
Q

When does cartilage atrophy occur and why?

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41
Q

What do chondrocytes need to maintain cartilage thickness and turnover?

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42
Q

Which 4 parts of a synovial joint are affected in OA?

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43
Q

What is a synovial joint?

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44
Q

Which 2 processes drive osteoarthritis?

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45
Q

What happens to ECM proteoglycans in OA?

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46
Q

What happens to ECM collagen in OA?

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47
Q

What happens to ECM water in OA?

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47
Q

What can be seen in scans in early OA?

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48
Q

What can be seen in scans in established OA? (2)

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49
Q

What changes can be seen in a joint affected by OA?

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50
Q

What are the 7 risk factors of OA?

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51
Q

What is Stickler syndrome?

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52
Q

Is there a genetic factor to OA development?

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53
Q

How many genetic variations can contribute to OA?

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54
Q

How can genetic mutations contribute to OA development? (5)

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55
Q

What is post-traumatic OA?

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56
Q

How can joint trauma lead to OA?

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57
Q

Which 5 mechanical factors can lead to OA?

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58
Q

What is the connection between paralysed joints and OA?

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59
Q

How can OA risk be studied?

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60
Q

What are the 2 main factors leading to OA?

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61
Q

What are the 4 steps of OA developing?

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62
Q

Which gender is more likely to develop OA with age?

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63
Q

Why is OA incidence increasing?

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64
Q

How is OA diagnosed? (3)

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65
Q

What are the 3 clinical indicators of OA learnt from a history?

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66
Q

What is crepitus?

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67
Q

What are the 5 indicators of OA found in clinical examinations?

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68
Q

Are X-rays needed to diagnose OA?

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69
Q

How can X-rays be used in OA diagnosis?

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70
Q

What are 4 indicators of OA seen on an X-ray?

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71
Q

How can OA be indicated in a blood test?

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72
Q

Which joint is most commonly affected by OA?

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73
Q

What is the risk of knee OA in women?

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74
Q

How is knee OA often treated?

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75
Q

What are the most common types of OA?

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76
Q

What is the order of hand OA progression?

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76
Q

What are Heberden’s nodes?

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77
Q

When does hand OA usually occur?

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78
Q

How is OA managed? (3)

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79
Q

What are the 3 surgical options for OA?

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80
Q

What is an arthroplasty?

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81
Q

When are arthroplasties most effective?

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82
Q

What are the 3 routes OA drug treatment?

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83
Q

What are the 2 types of OA drugs?

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84
Q

What are SyMOADs?

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85
Q

What are DMOAD?

A

9. extra msk (6 decks)

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