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Anatomy: Epithelium/ Glands and Cartilage/Bones > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage and bone are…

A

specialized connective tissue

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2
Q

properties of cartilage

A
  1. avascular –> doesn’t regenerate of heal well

2. lacks sensation b/c there is no dedicated nerve supply

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3
Q

functions of cartilage

A
  1. support: adapted to bear weight
  2. movement
  3. framework for growth of long bones
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4
Q

composition of cartilage

A
  • cells (chondrocytes: cartilage cells) 3%
  • multi-adhesive glycoproteins 5%
  • proteoglycans 9%
  • collagens: primarily type 2 15%
  • water 60-80%
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5
Q

perichondrium

A

dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

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6
Q

2 layer of the perichondrium and their functions

A
  1. inner cellular layer: gives rise to new cartilage cells

2. outer fibrous layer: connective tissue layer (has blood vessels)

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7
Q

perichondrium is not seen in (2)

A
  1. articular cartilage

2. fibro cartilage

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8
Q

chondrocytes

A

specific cell of cartilage

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9
Q

chondroblasts

A

immature chondrocytes

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10
Q

extracellular matrix produced by chondrocytes contains (3)

A
  1. collagen type 2 fibers
  2. proteoglycans
  3. multi-adhesive glycoproteins
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11
Q

cartilage is capable of 2 kinds of growth

A
  1. appositional

2. interstitial

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12
Q

appositional cartilage growth

A

new cartilage forms on the surface of existing cartilage

-new cells derived from inner layer of perichondrium

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13
Q

interstitial cartilage growth

A

new cell forms within an existing cartilage by mitotic division

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14
Q

isogenous groups

A

clusters of chondrocytes that have recently divided (in interstitial cartilage growth)

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15
Q

types of cartilage (3)

A
  1. elastic
  2. hyaline
  3. fibro-catilage
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16
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • extra cellular matrix: type 2 collagen and elastic fibers
  • chondrocyte arrangement: isogenous gorups
  • surrounded by perichondrium
  • located in the epiglottis, larynx, pinna or ear, and auditory tube
  • function: shape and elasticity
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17
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • extra cellular matrix: type 2 collagen
  • chondrocyte arrangement: isogenous groups
  • surrounded by perichondrium except articular cartilage
  • locations: trachea, bronchi, end of ribs, epiphyseal plates (growth plate)
  • function: shape and flexibility, fetal skeleton, movement in joints
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18
Q

fibro-cartilage

A
  • extra cellular matrix: type 2 with type 1 added
  • chondrocyte arrangement: parallel rows
  • not surrounded by perichondrium
  • locations: articular discs, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, tendon insertion
  • function: resistant to compression, cushioning tensile strength
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19
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • degenerative joint disease
  • pathogenesis usually unknown
  • related to aging and trauma
  • type 2 collagen production is inhibited
  • superficial layer is affected first but can extend to the bone
  • affects hyaline cartilage most
  • no treatment because cartilage is not regenerative
20
Q

degeneration of the intervertebral disc

A
  • 4th disc is composed of nucleus pulpous (gelatinous material) and anulus fibrous (fibrocartilage)
  • nucleus pulpous herniates though weakened though weakened anulus fibrosis
21
Q

properties of bone (6)

A
  1. well vascularized and highly innervated
  2. mineralized: results in hard tissue that supports and protects
  3. protects and serves as a supporting framework
  4. allows movement
  5. site of blood cell formation
  6. serves as calcium and phosphorus reserves for the body
22
Q

periosteum

A

2 layered sheath with an outer fibers layer of dense connective tissue and an inner cellular layer that covers the OUTER surface of bone

23
Q

endosteum

A

1 layer sheath of that contains osteoprogenitor cells that covers the INNER surface of bones

24
Q

macroscopic classification of bone (2)

A
  1. compact/ dense/ cortical

2. spongy/ cancellous

25
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense layer surrounding the outside bone

- well organized “osteon” system

26
Q

spongy bone

A

-forms a layer of trabeculae (thin spicules of bone tissue) in the interior of bone

27
Q

microscopic classifications of bone (2)

A
  1. primary/ immature

2. secondary/ mature/ lamellar

28
Q

primary bone

A
  • initially formed in skeleton of developing embryo and during bone repair
  • irregular organization
  • low mineral content
29
Q

secondary bone

A
  • organized structure replaces primary bone
  • composed of concentric lamellae
  • more calcified and stronger than primary bone
30
Q

osteon

A

-structural units that make up mature bone

31
Q

concentric lamella

A

formed by bone matrix that surround a central cavity that form osteons

32
Q

haversian canal

A

the cavity that contains the blood and nerve supply for osteons

33
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

remnants of previous concentric lamella between osteons

34
Q

outer circumferential lamellae

A

outer surface of the shaft of a long bone

35
Q

inner circumferential lamellae

A

inner circumference of the shaft of a long bone

36
Q

volkmann’s canals

A
  • channels through which blood vessels and nerves travel from the periosteal and endosteal surfaces to reach the osteons
  • connect one osteon to another and run at right angles to the long axis of the osteon
37
Q

composition of bone

A
  • inorganic components- 65% of weight of bone (mineralized calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapetite crystals)
  • collagen type 1 (majority of organic components)
  • multi-adhesive glycoproteins, proteoglycans, bone specific proteins
  • cells (small %)
38
Q

cells of bone (5)

A
  1. osteoprogenitor cells
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. bone lining cells
  5. osteoclasts
39
Q

osteoprogenitor cells characteristics

A
  • derived from embryonic mesenchymal stem cells
  • retain ability to undergo mitotic division
  • function: responsive to stimuli then differentiate into bone , forming cells called osteoblasts
  • location: inner periosteum layer or growing bone and endosteum lining the bone cavity
  • structure: squamous shaped cells
40
Q

osteoblast cells characteristics

A
  • function: secrete type 1 collagen and bone matrix proteins which form unmineralized bone/osteoid
  • capable of cell division
  • location: areas where bone is being actively laid down
  • structure: cuboidal shaped cell in single file along surface of bone (basophilic cytoplasm)
  • communicate by gap junctions with each other and with osteocytes
  • once they secrete product required for bone formation they are surrounded by bone matrix and become osteocytes
41
Q

osteocyte cells characteristics

A
  • function: maintain matrix of bone
  • location: surrounded by matrix that it previously secreted as osteoblast
  • respond to mechanical stimuli and can make new matrix as needed
  • also have a small role in the breakdown of the matrix
  • structure: flattened nucleus, overall conforms the shape of the lacunae
  • occupies a lacunae and extends cytoplasmic processes through canaliculi (small canals) to contact processes of other osteocytes and bone lining
42
Q

bone lining cells characteristics

A
  • derived from osteoblast that are not actively producing bone
  • function: support cells for osteocytes, and regulate calcium flow in and out of bone
  • location: external and internal surfaces of bone
  • structure: flat cells that cover the surface of bone
  • incapable of mitotic division but capable of differentiating into osteoid secreting cells
43
Q

osteoclast cells characteristics

A
  • precursors derived in bone marrow, travel to bone and fuse to form large muti-nucleated osteoclast
  • function: bone resorption, must be activated to become a resorbing cell
  • structure: large, multi-nucleated cell found where bone is being formed
  • location: surface of bone and occupy spaces called howship’s lacunae
44
Q

mechanisms of bone formation (2)

A
  1. intramembranous ossification

2. endochondral ossification

45
Q

intramembranous ossification general

A

bone formed by direct differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts (clavicle, mandible, flat bone of the skull and face)

46
Q

endochondral ossification general

A

cartilage model is the template fro bone formation (limb bones and weight bearing portion of the axial skeleton)

Anatomy: Epithelium/ Glands and Cartilage/Bones (2 decks)

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