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TOB (Semester 1) > Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type is found in cartilage and what is its function?

A

Chondrocytes. These produce and maintain the cartilage.

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2
Q

What is the precursor for bones in a developing foetus?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

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3
Q

What is an isogenous group?

A

This is a small cluster of chondrocytes present from division, which continue to lay down the extracellular matrix.

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4
Q

Where in the body will you find hyaline cartilage?

A

Articulating surface of joints, epiphyseal growth plates, RT including trachea, bronchi…

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5
Q

What is the name of the substance which covers the margin of Hyaline cartilage?

A

Perichondrium.

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6
Q

State a place where perichondrium is not found at the margin of hyaline cartilage.

A

Articulating surfaces.

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7
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

This is a place within which chondrocytes lie in cartilage.

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8
Q

What is the difference hat can be noticed in staining between hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

Elastic will stain darker due to the elastic fibres.

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9
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Elastic cartilage can be found in the external ear, euchstation tubes, external acoustic meatus, epiglottis.

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10
Q

What cell types are found in fibrocartilage?

A

Fibroblasts and chondrocytes.

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11
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral disks?

A

Fibrocartilage.

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12
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral disks, meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis.

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13
Q

What is a property of fibrocartilage?

A

It acts as a shock absorber and can resist shearing forces due to the elastic fibres it contains.

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14
Q

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

A

Spongy bone has many thin trabeculae and this gives it strength and lightness. The spaces between these are filled with bone marrow.
Compact bone is found at the edges of long bone and makes up most external bone surfaces.

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15
Q

What are concentric lamellae?

A

These are circular rings which can be seen in compact bone from where bone remodelling has occured.

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16
Q

Where do haversian canals run?

A

Haversian canals run down the centre of the concentric lamellae. Volksmann canals run perpendicular to this, between the Haversian canals.

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17
Q

What is the name of a place where an osteocyte can be found in bone?

A

Lacunae.

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18
Q

What is the difference between immature and mature bone?

A

In immature bone, osteocytes are randomly placed whereas in mature bone these are found in concentric lamellae.

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19
Q

What are caniculi?

A

These are tiny branches between osteocytes which allow them to pass nutrients. Also cytoplasmic processes can reach out through these.

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20
Q

In spongy bone, where are the osteoblasts and osteoclasts found?

A

They are found on the surface of the trabeculae.

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21
Q

Name the two types of tissue found in the cavity of bone.

A

Adipose and Haemopoetic.

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22
Q

Name the two cell types involved in bone remodelling, and state what their function is.

A

Osteoblasts: these are responsible for the laying down of new bone.
Osteoclasts: these are responsible for the reabsorption of bone.

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23
Q

Explain what happens when a bone fractures.

A

When a bone fractures, this is because lamellae slip relative to each other due to a great tensile force.

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24
Q

What is the action of phagocytic cells after bone damage?

A

These remove dead and damaged tissue.

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25
Q

When blood vessels infiltrate the fracture site, what is the tissue called?

A

Granulation tissue. This is a pro callus and what will eventually become bone.

26
Q

What two cell types do the granulation tissue cells differentiate to?

A

Fibroblasts which produce collagen fibres and chondrocytes which produce hyaline cartilage.

27
Q

When osteocytes from the periosteum and endosteum invade the fracture site, what type of bone do they lay down?

A

Spongy bone.

28
Q

Initially, what shape does a bone take after fracture?

A

There is a bulge at the side of the bone of fibrocartilagous matrix which splints the broken bone.

29
Q

What changes occur at the bone fracture site for approx two months after fracture?

A

Boney callous formation occurs by endochondrial and intermembranous ossification and so the fibrocartiligous matrix is replaced by hard boney callus.

30
Q

How is original bone shape achieved after fracture?

A

Callus spongy bone is replaced by compact bone, and osteoclasts reabsorb bulging material outside the bone and also inwards into the medulla cavity.

31
Q

What is the difference between an autograft, a homografts and a heterograft?

A

An autograft is where the recipient is also the donor, a homograft is where the donor is another human and a heterograft is where the donor is another species.

32
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Replacement of Hyaline cartilage template by bone.

33
Q

Describe the processes of bone formation which occur in a foetus.

A

Initially a hyaline cartilage template forms. This is followed by a collar of periosteal bone forming in the shaft and then calcification of the central cartilage and penetration with a nutrient artery. This is formation of the primary ossification.

34
Q

What happens to bone postnatally?

A

After birth, the medulla of the bone continues to become cancellous bone. Epiphyseal growth plates(hyaline cartilage) form, and secondary centres for ossification form at the epiphyses.

35
Q

How do long bones grow in length?

A

Epiphyses ossify and the growth plates move apart and this causes length int of the bone.

36
Q

Describe the structure of a mature adult long bone.

A

In a mature adult long bone the epiphyseal growth plates have closed and the cartilage is ossified. Hyaline cartilage remains at the articulating surface of the bone.

37
Q

What type of ossification is responsible for the thickening of long bones?

A

Intermembranous ossification. This is also called periosteal ossification in this case because it increases the girth of the bone.

38
Q

What is a metaphysis?

A

This is where a column of calcified cartilage extends from the growth plate towards the diaphysis and becomes mineralised.

39
Q

Name the five zones on the epiphyseal growth plate

A

Zone of reserve cartilage, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcified cartilage, zone of reabsorption.

40
Q

In the epiphyseal growth plate, what happens in the zone of hypertrophy?

A

Here cells enlarge and become compressed into linear bands between cell columns.

41
Q

In the epiphyseal growth plate, what happens in the zone of proliferation?

A

Here cells are actively dividing, enlarging and secreting matrix.

42
Q

Where does intermembranous ossification take place?

A

This takes place within condensations of the mesenchymal tissue. This mainly occurs with flat bones such as the skull, pelvis. It also is the process for long bone thickening.

43
Q

Explain the process of intermembranous ossification.

A

Mesenchymal stem cells form a cluster of cells, and these become osteoblasts and lay down collagen which is mineralised. These are bone spincules surrounded by osteoblasts and osteoclasts and these form trabeculae which merge giving mature bone.

44
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Autosomal dominant heritable disorders of the connective tissue. Bones are bowed and fracture callus is present. Can be mistaken for an abused child. Some cases do not survive childbirth as bones are crushed by contractions.

45
Q

What is the consequence of excessive growth hormone pre puberty?

A

This leads to promotion of the growth plates which leads to gigantism.

46
Q

What is the name of the condition caused by insufficient Growth hormone acting on bones?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

47
Q

What happens if GH is high in an adult?

A

Growth plates have already closed so this leads to thickening of the bone and acromegaly.

48
Q

How will the stature of someone who hit puberty early be affected?

A

Puberty leads to closure of the growth plates and so a person is likely to have short stature.

49
Q

What problem with sex hormones can lead to prolonged bone growth and tall stature?

A

If sex hormones levels are low, then this means that the epiphyseal growth plates will not be closed and so bone growth will continue.

50
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

This is a metabolic bone disease where there is a decrease in bone mass because bone reabsorption is > bone formation. This leads to increase susceptibility for fractures.

51
Q

What is a common risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Aging, it is common in the elderly. It is also common in post menopausal women.

52
Q

Why is osteoporosis common in post menopausal women?

A

Oestrogen stimulates osteoblasts activity, so lack of oestrogen post menopause leads to lower osteoblast activity.

53
Q

What can be said about exercise and bone mass?

A

Exercise stimulates increasing bone mass.

54
Q

How can calcium and vitamin D affect osteoporosis?

A

Calcium and vitamin D levels (if low) are both risk factors for osteoporosis. Low vit D levels are common for elderly who are confined indoors, and calcium reabsorption can diminish with age.

55
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A

This is short limb dwarfism. Caused by an autosomal dominant point mutation.

56
Q

What condition does inhibited proliferation of chondrocytes in epiphyseal growth plates cause? What does this lead to?

A

Achondroplasia. This leads to decreased cell hypertrophy and also decreased cartilage matrix production.

57
Q

What condition is rickets associated with?

A

Osteomalacia.

58
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

It is a lack of calcification of bone, which leads to soft, weak bones.

59
Q

What can be said about the amount of bone present in Osteomalacia?

A

The amount of bone present is normal, it is just that there is not sufficient mineralisation.

60
Q

Cartilage is well hydrated. Why is this important?

A

This means that it can move and so in our spine it can be compressed and expand. Also it is avascular so this allows for diffusion to take place.

TOB (Semester 1) (14 decks)

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