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KB Histology IMMS > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells are cartilage and bone derived from

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the embryo

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2
Q

What are the precursors of cartilage

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts which future differentiate into chondrocytes

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3
Q

What is mature cartilage composed of

i.e. cells, matrix, capsule

A

Cells - chondrocytes
Matrix - a dense glycosaminoglycan rich substance containing collagen and elastic tissue
Capsule - Fibrous collagen capsule known as the perichondrium

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4
Q

What are the 3 different forms of cartilage

A

Fibrous, elastic and hyaline

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5
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found

A

supporting ‘rings’ of trachea

cartilage of the larynx

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6
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

Epiglottis

Pinna of the ear

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7
Q

Where is fibrous cartilage found

A

Inter-vertebral discs

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8
Q

What does ‘GAG’ stand for

A

Glycosaminoglycan

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9
Q

In hyaline cartilage, what is the name of the pale staining hollows that chondrocytes are found within

A

lacunae

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10
Q

What happens when hyaline cartilage is compressed

A

It exudes water

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11
Q

Do chondrocytes clump or appear singularly within the matrix

A

usually clump

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12
Q

Which types of cartilage can you fracture

A

All of them!

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13
Q

How is bone synthesised

A

Osteoblasts synthesis a collagen rich matrix called osteoid. This mixes with crystals of hydroxyapetite to form osteocytes

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14
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts (cells also found in the bone)

A

continuous remodelling of bone throughout life

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15
Q

What is found in the centre of many layers of osteons making up bone

A

Haversian’s canal

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16
Q

What is found within Haversian’s canal

A

blood vessels and nerves

17
Q

What is interstitial bone and where is it found

A

Between osteons. It is old, dead bone

18
Q

What are bones surrounded with

A

A fibrous capsule called periosteum - contains undifferentiated cells, important in bone healing

19
Q

What is the average size of an osteon (may only be applicable to single slide..)

A

220 um

20
Q

What is a cement line

A

Surrounds an osteon. It seals off the osteon from surrounding neighbours

21
Q

What is the role of filopodia

A

They make contact with adj. cells - movement of nutrients and oxygen

22
Q

Why are some Haversian Canal’s larger than others

A

bone becomes thinner with age

Before new bone is formed and as older phone dies the canal widens

23
Q

Most bone was once cartilage. What is the name of the process of direct differentiation into bone from mesenchyme

A

intra-membranous ossification

24
Q

Why do osteoblasts stain dark purple with H&E

A

Because the cytoplasm contain ++nucleic acid (RNA)

25
Q

What happens to osteoblasts when they have completed their task of laying down new bone

A

They are trapped within new bone and transform into osteocytes

26
Q

What are osteoclasts and where do they differentiate from

A

They are macrophages and they differentiate from blood monocytes. They digest bone and allow it to be remodelled - allowing the release of Ca+ into the circulation. They are completely separate to osteoblasts and cytes

27
Q

How can you distinguish osteoclasts from blasts

A

greater size, multi-nuclear, intense pink staining cytoplasm

28
Q

Where are osteoclasts found

A

In depressions know as Howship’s lucunae

29
Q

Why do osteoclasts stain intense pink

A

They contain lysosomal enzymes

30
Q

What is mature cartilage composed of

i.e. cells, matrix, capsule

A

Cells - chondrocytes
Matrix - a dense glycosaminoglycan rich matrix containing collagen and elastic tissue
Capsule - Fibrous collagen capsule known as the perichondrium

31
Q

Why are some Haversian Canal’s larger than others

A

bone becomes thinner with age

Before new bone is formed and as older bone dies the canal widens

32
Q

How does hyaline cartilage receive its nutrients and oxygen

A

mostly by diffusion

33
Q

What is the difference between the interior heads of the bone and the shaft of the bone

A

They have identical composition but the heads have large holes to decrease the overall weight of the bone

34
Q

Once embedded in the matrix, can chondrocytes divide

A

Yes

35
Q

What do osteoblasts synthesise

A

osteocalcin

36
Q

What does Volkmann’s Canal do

A

It joins adj. osteons

KB Histology IMMS (2 decks)

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