Blood and Blood Vessels

Question 1

What is the name given to immature RBCs

Answer 1

Reticulocytes

Question 2

How much of the RBC circulating population is composed of reticulocytes

Answer 2

Less than 1%

Question 3

What can be seen within reticulocytes to define them from other cells

Answer 3

Blue-staining remnants of cytoplasmic organelles notably the remains of the ribosomes used to synthesise the haemoglobin

Question 4

Broadly, what are the two classes that you can divide different WBCs into

Answer 4

Granulocytes – 3 to 4 agranulocyte – 5 to 6

Question 5

When would there be a increase in reticulocytes in the circulating blood

Answer 5

Severe loss of blood - several pints

Question 6

What is the most common type of WBC in peripheral blood

Answer 6

Neutrophils

Question 7

What is the function of neutrophils

Answer 7

They are phagocytotic. They will engolf and destroy bacteria circulating in the blood. Most of them leave the bloodstream to enter tissues.

Question 8

What is the average number of lobes visible within a neutrophil

Answer 8

4

Question 9

There are three types of granules within neutrophils. What are they

Answer 9

Type one – lysozymes involved in digesting foreign material Type II – unique to neutrophil, secreted from cell and is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response Type three – contains enzymes which facilitate the insertion of proteins into membrane of the cell surface when secreted

Question 10

What distinguishes eosinophils from other WBCs

Answer 10

Bi- or tri-lobed nucleus and prominent dark pink granules

Question 11

What is the function of eosinophils

Answer 11

They phagocytose antigen/Antibody complexes

Question 12

What is the least common of all WBCs

Answer 12

Basophils

Question 13

How can you identify basophils

Answer 13

Large blue granules which appear to fill the cell

Question 14

What is the function of basophils

Answer 14

Similar to mast cells. They play a role in allergic reactions and secrete histamine and a range of other vasoactive substances that increase bloodflow

Question 15

What is the most common type of WBC in circulating blood

Answer 15

Lymphocytes

Question 16

How can you distinguish lymphocytes from other WBCs

Answer 16

Round dark blue nucleus and thin rim of paler blue cytoplasm

Question 17

In what ways do basophils interact with eosinophils

Answer 17

Basophils secrete histamine that is a potent vasodilator and results in inflammation. Eosinophils acts to neutralise the action of histamine

Question 18

How big are lymphocytes

Answer 18

Larger than RBCs but smaller than neutrophils. Average of 12.6 um

Question 19

How can you identify monocytes

Answer 19

A kidney shaped nucleus and large amounts of pale blue cytoplasm

Question 20

What are monocytes

Answer 20

Immature circulating forms of WBCs that are ready to differentiate

Question 21

Which two organs have fixed macrophages derived from circulating monocytes

Answer 21

Liver and spleen

Question 22

Where are platelets derived from

Answer 22

Megakaryocytes

Question 23

What is the thinnest layer of a wall of an artery/vein

Answer 23

Intima

Question 24

What is the medial layer of vessels composed of

Answer 24

Smoothmuscle. In veins it often contains collagen as well

Question 25

What difference would you find in the media layer of major arterial vessels close to the heart

Answer 25

The smooth muscle is heavily reinforced with concentric sheets of elastic tissue

Question 26

What histologically visible difference differentiates arteries from arterioles

Answer 26

Arterioles have three or less layers of smooth-muscle in the medial layer. They normally lack an external elastic lamina and often the internal elastic lamina is poorly developed

Question 27

What's characteristic features do lymphatics show

Answer 27

Irregular outline, thin walls composed of collagen, elastic fibres and few smooth muscle cells. They contain valves

Question 28

What are valves made from

Answer 28

Strands of collagen surrounded by endothelium on both surfaces

Question 29

What are the two types of capillaries

Answer 29

Continuous and fenestrated

Question 30

What is the average diameter of RBCs

Answer 30

7.8 um

Question 31

Does all the blood pass through a capillary bed on it's way around the body

Answer 31

Not necessarily – there are lots of arterio venous shunts

Question 32

What is the main constituents of adventitia

Answer 32

Elastic and collagen fibres

Question 33

Where are RBC cells formed

Answer 33

Bone marrow

Question 34

Where are macrophages found

Answer 34

Circulating in the blood and in alveolar air spaces

Question 35

What are innominate arteries

Answer 35

Those which arise from the aorta

Question 36

What type of cells are these

Answer 36

Reticulocytes

Question 37

What cell is this

Question 38

What cell is this

Answer 38

neutrophils

Question 39

What cell is this

Answer 39

eosinophil

Question 40

What cell is this

Answer 40

lymphocyte

Question 41

What cell is this

Question 42

What cell is this