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Tissues Of The body > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

0
Q

What are the characteristics of the extracellular matrix?

A

Solid and firm but pliable so resilient to repeated pressure.

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1
Q

Why is cartilage poor at repairing itself?

A

Because it is avascular.

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2
Q

Why/high is the extracellular matrix pliable?

A

Large amounts of hyaluronic acid in extracellular matrix. The acid attracts water so makes a tough jelly, making it resilient.

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3
Q

Describe the structure of the extracellular matrix.

A

Large ratio of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to type 2 collagen. 100 GAG units are attached to a core protein, making up a proteoglycan monomer.Hyaluronic acid molecules have multiple proteoglycan monomers. This is interwoven with collagen.

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4
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

What does the matrix of the hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid and interwoven type 2 collagen fibrils.

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6
Q

What are isogenous groups and what do they do?

A

Small clusters of chondroycytes which have recently divided. They lay down extracellular matrix.

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7
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

It is the precursor model in fetus for bones which develop by endochondral ossification. Some remains at articulating surfaces. E.g. Ribcage, nose, trachea, bronchi and larynx, hips and joints.

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8
Q

Where do you find the perichondrium?

A

Only found at non-articulating surfaces.

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9
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Fibroblasts of perichondrium form new chondrocytes which secrete matrix, so cartilage grows peripherally.

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10
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Deeper chondrocytes divide and form isogenous groups which secrete matrix.

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11
Q

What does the matrix of elastic cartilage contain?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, type 2 collagen fibrils and elastic fibres and lamellae.

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12
Q

What are some of the properties of elastic cartilage?

A

Bendy/elastic, resilient to pressure and don’t calcify with ageing.

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13
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Pinna (external ear), epiglottis, acoustic meatus and Eustachian tube.

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14
Q

What does the fibrocartilage matrix contain?

A

Proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, type 2 collagen and an abundance of type 1 collagen fibres. Contains chondrocytes and fibroblasts.

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15
Q

Does the fibrocartilage contain perichondrium?

A

No

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16
Q

What properties does the fibrocartilage have?

A

Resilience to act as a shock absorber and resist shearing forces.

17
Q

Describe the structure of the cancellous/spongy bone. What advantage does this structure confer?

A

Network of fine bony columns. Space is filled with bone marrow. Strength with lightness.

18
Q

Where is the compact bone found?

A

The external surface of bone.

19
Q

What are the trabeculae of cancellous bone?

A

Projections in cancellous bone.

20
Q

Explain bone remodelling.

A

Osteoblasts build bone, osteoclasts destroy it. A cutting cone bores a tunnel through the bone by the action of osteoclasts, which release H+ and lysosomal enzymes. At the other end, osteoblasts start to form new lamellae.

21
Q

Where is the chondrocyte found in?

A

Lies in a lacuna.

22
Q

How do most bones in the body develop?

A

Endochondral ossification.

23
Q

Which kinds of bone develop by endochondral ossification?

A

Long bones

24
Q

Explain the process of endochondral ossification?

A

The replacement of a pre-existing hyaline cartilage template by bone. The central cartilage calcifies and a blood vessel supplies nutrients. The medulla becomes cancellous and you get epiphyseal growth. The growth plates lengthen the bone and by adulthood the epiphyseal is replaced by bone.

25
Q

Explain intramembranous ossification.

A

Condensation of mesenchymal tissue and is replaced by pre-existing hyaline cartilage. The process contributes to the thickening of long bones, but not the widening.

26
Q

What sort of bones develop by intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones such as pelvis, clavicle and skull bones (temporal, frontal and occipital).

27
Q

What is the name of the autosomal dominant disease of heritable connective tissue disorder caused by a mutation in the gene for type 1 collagen?

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

28
Q

What is the medicolegal importance of osteogensis imperfecta?

A

Confusion with multiple fractures caused by deliberate injury as you often have callused and/or bowed bones.

29
Q

What effects does excessive and insufficient growth hormones on bone both before puberty and in adulthood?

A

Before puberty- excessive- gigantism
- insufficient- pituitary dwarfism
Adulthood- excessive- no longer have epiphyseal plates so get acromegaly, which is normally caused by a benign tumour.

30
Q

Define osteoporosis.

A

Metabolic bone disease where mineralized bone is decreased in mass to the point that it no longer provides adequate mechanical strength.

31
Q

What are the risk factors of oteoporosis?

A

Female, lack of calcium intake and absorption, lack of vitamin D, immobilisation of bone and genetic peak bone mass).

32
Q

What is type 1 osteoporosis?

A

Occurs in postmenopausal women, where there is an increase in osteoclasts due to lack of oestrogen.

33
Q

What is achondroplasia and what is it caused by?

A

Short limb dwarfism caused by autosomal dominant point mutation in the FGFR3, causing a gain of function.

34
Q

What are the symptoms of achondroplasia?

A

Short limbs, normal trunk, large skull and small face.

35
Q

Wha does the sex hormone do on bones?

A

Influence development of ossification centres.

36
Q

State where we gain vitamin D from, and explain vitamin D metabolism.

A

Get vitamin D from the sun and diet. Undergoes hydroxylation in liver and the kidney, which forms 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. This increases calcium absorption by small bones and promotes mineralisation of bone.

37
Q

What is Rickets and why does it occur?

A

Childhood disease where bones don’t harden as there is a vitamin D deficiency.

38
Q

What is osteomalacia caused by and what are the symptoms?

A

Calcium deficiency or a lack of vitamin D.

Bone pain, back ache and muscle weakness.

39
Q

What is the unusual property of the trabeculae in osteomalacia?

A

Have abnormally large amounts of non-mineralised osteoid covering their surface, making them weak.

Tissues Of The body (5 decks)

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