cartilage

Question 1

what are the three types of cartilage

Answer 1

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Question 2

similarity between all cartilage

Answer 2

all have matrix containing hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan

all have chondrocytes

Question 3

features of hyaline cartilage

Answer 3

type 2 collagen
cell type- chondrocytes only
avascular with loose extracellular matrix allowing diffusion of materials.
hyaluronic acid assists resilience to the repeated application of pressure.

Question 4

role of chondrocyte

Answer 4

-release collagen 2 into ground substance layer.
- each chondrocyte lies in lacuna and there will artifactual shrinkage from the walls of lacunae.
-when placed under pressure, mechanical signals increase synthetic activity to release the pressure.
-chondrocytes lay down extracellular matrix within the cells as vesicles.
fibres and GAGs/hyaluronic acid is secreted into spaces between chondrocytes to aid tissue expansion.

Question 5

structure of hyaline cartilage

Answer 5

perichondrium is a dense connective tissue that covers the margin of hyaline cartilage on both sides.
contains elongated fibroblast like cells that can develop into chondroblasts then chondrocytes.
chondrocytes normally in middle and can produce cartilage.
growth is inwards

Question 6

difference between appositional and interstitial growth

Answer 6

interstitial growth- growth from centre

appositional growth - growth from periphery

Question 7

example of hyaline cartilage

Answer 7

tracheal wall: c-shaped tracheal cartilage. cartilage reinforces trachea and helps to protect and maintain the airway.

Question 8

elastic cartilage structure and distribution

Answer 8

cell type - chondrocytes only
also contains elastic fibres
found in - pinna of ear, Eustachian tube (tube from ear to mouth), the epiglottis

Question 9

fibrocartilage structure and distribution

Answer 9

cell types-chondrocytes and fibroblasts
combination of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
cells distributed in rows
no surrounding periuchodnrium
present in :intervertebral discs, articular discs of sternoclavicular joint , in pubic symphysis
- can act as shock absorber and to resist shearing forces.

Question 10

what are the different zones in a epiphyseal growth plate?

Answer 10

from top to bottom

1. zone of reserve cartilage- no cellular proliferation or active matrix production
2. zone of proliferation- cells actively dividing to form columns. cells enlarge and secrete matrix.
3. zone of hypertrophy- cells enlarge and matrix compressed into linear bands between cell columns
4. zone of calcified cartilage- enlarged cells begin to degenerate and matrix calcifies
5. zone of resorption- small blood vessels and connective tissue invade the region occupied by the dying chondrocytes leaving the calcified cartilage as spicules between them and bone is laid down on these cartilage spicules.

Question 11

what is osteoarthritis snd why does it cause pain

Answer 11

age-related degeneration of joint
mechanical failure of the articular cartilage narrowing joint space so bone rubs on bone
growth of bony spurs called osteophytes cause inflammation and pain

Question 12

what is rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 12

autoimmune disease
inflammation of synovial membrane and thickening of the joint capsule
- subsequent damage to underlying bone and articular cartilage( both disintegrate)