Cartilage Flashcards
Types of adult connective tissue
Dense irregular, Dense regular and Loose irregular
Connective tissue contains
Cells that secrete fibers and amorphous ground substance
Chondroblasts
Cells in cartilage that are capable of division and produce matrix
Chondrocytes
Cells in cartilage that do not divide and maintain matrix
Chondroclasts
Cells in cartilage that are osteoclasts and break down calcified cartilage
Fibroblasts
Type of cartilage cell Found on outer surface (perichondrium) of cartilage
Cartilage lacks what and what must happen?
blood vessels (avascular) so nutrients must percolate (diffuse) through matrix into cell
Interstitial Growth
in cartilage when condroblasts divide and secrete matrix between daughter cells
Appositional Growth
in cartilage when there is cell growth along edges of pre-existing outer cartilage boundary
Osteoblasts
bone forming cells that form bone through organic matrix secretion-osteoid- and then mineralization
not embedded in matrix
form in groups to create osteocytes
go into areas left behind by osteoclasts
Osteocytes
derived from osteoblasts, embedded in matrix
and can be stimulated by parathyroid hormone to break down matrix
Canaliculi
micro channels in matrix that allow cellular processes to make contact with adjacent osteocytes and osteoblasts to allow coordinated activity via gap junctions
Osteoclasts
multinucleated giant cells derived form fusion of monocytes/macrophages that breakdown matrix forming erosion lacunae around themselves - commonly in fetal bone where it is often being resorbed and remodeled
can dissolve bond and calcified cartilage
osteoblasts take up space they leave behind to create new bone or replace calcified cartilage with stronger bone
Osteoid
matrix of bone with organic components- type 1 collagen fibers and ground substance (give tensile strength of bone)
and inorganic components- hydroxyapatite crystals that give compressive strength
Lamellar bone
mature bone- most of adult skeleton
arranged in organized layers called lamellae
Woven bone
immature bone that is always replaced by lamellar bone
will still have a physics
Compact/ cortical bone
dense bone- can be woven, lamellar or mixed
Cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone
spicules of bone (trabeculae) - that may be woven, lamellar or mixed
Osteon
structural unit of mature bone formed by lamellae around central canal to form a tubular unit
Central Canal
center of osteon, contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nonmyelinated nerve fibers
Perforating canals
allow blood vessels in neighboring osteon central canals to communicate
Interstitial lamellae
fragments of partially degraded osteon with no central canals
filler in-between osteons
Inner circumferential lamellae
found on inner surface of the bone- arranged in circular pattern around marrow cavity of bone
Outer circumferential lamellae
found on outer surface of bone, just deep to periosteum
Endosteum
Inner connective tissue lining of bone that covers all inner surfaces- including all canals
Periosteum
outer connective tissue of bone that runs along diaphysis, highly vascularized and innervated (causes pain)
has outer fibrous layer made of dense irregular connective tissue with fibroblasts as predominant cell and inner cellular later with osteoprogenetor, osteoblast, and osteocyte cells
Bony trabeculae
a spindle of bone found in spongy bone that is a lattice work of bone that provides strength without adding weight- important for birds
Osteogenesis
bone formation: no matter where bone is formed it does it by transforming from existing connective tissue
What lines the articular (outer) surface of bone
articular (hyaline) cartilage
What is the growth plate (physis) made of
Hyaline cartilage
Where and what is the epiphysis
between articular cartilage and growth plate. It is an expanded articular end of long bones that develop separately from diaphysis
Where is metaphysis
under the articular cartilage, epiphysis, and growth plate (physi s)
aka between epiphysis and diaphysis
Dyaphysis
the shaft of long bones containing cortical (compact) bone and bone marrow
Regularly arranged collagen or elastic fibers are only found in what?
Tendons or ligaments
Endosteum
lines all inner surfaces of bone- trabecular and cortical bone on marrow side inside periosteum
Megakaryocytes
look like osteoclasts but form platelets and are found in marrow cavity and are more uniformly rounded and multilobulated nucleus
What is it called when osteoid becomes mineralized
bone
What is rouleaux formation?
stacked RBCs
What is crenation?
Shrunked RBC with spikes because of a high osmolarity of environment- water coming 9ut of cell
What is anisocytosis?
Variation in the size of blood cells from normal
What is hemolysis?
blood cell “ghosts” due to hypotonicity- cell uptakes too much water because environment has high water content and bursts
What is poikilocytosis?
variation in shape in blood cells
What are the ways to describe changes in color of blood cells
normochromatic- normal
hyperchromatic- excess hemoglobin
hypochromatic- decreased amount of hemoglobin
What is a reticulocyte?
A immature form of RBC that contains remnants of ribosomal material
What are leukocytes?
White Blood cells
